Accounting Information Systems of Air New Zealand Assignment

Accounting Information Systems of Air New Zealand - Assignment Example According to the research findings, it can, therefore, be said that Air New Zealand has a total workforce of 10,453 employees and a reported income of 71$ Million as of August 2012. Air New Zealand can be considered as one of the lifeblood of New Zealand’s economy since it provides services that are essential in the dynamics of commerce. At about 9 am on November 10, 2009, an outage of the computer system of Air New Zealand affected its airport check-in systems as well as its online bookings and call center systems. The outage affected more than ten thousand passengers contributing to the chaos and confusion of affected airports. The disruption not only caused millions of dollars in actual damages to Air New Zealand itself but also to its customers and related business depending on the airline for its logistic needs. On June 18, 2007, Air New Zealand/Eagle Airways Flight 2300 was forced to land on its belly due to the hydraulic system that was being drained via a fatigue crack in its actuator that caused the landing gear to being stuck. There was no recorded fatality in the incident and the damage to the aircraft is repairable. Both incidents while considered accidents could have been prevented if the right information security management system is in place to protect the information assets of Air New Zealand. It should be noted that incidents similar to the ones described may cause the company more in terms of legal if not goodwill costs. Threats not only impact the corporation itself as an entity but also affect its employees, clients, and partners. As predicted on threats not only affect the operation of Air New Zealand, it likewise creates doubt about the safety of its clients and equally affects its financial assets as well as those of its partners. Identification of the threats is therefore not only essential in managing the risks associated to the operation and service provisioning of Air New Zealand it is similarly essential in setting up the inf rastructure that would support its overall security management systems. Threats by any definition is an entity or process if not events that threaten life, disrupt operation, or cause damage to the corporate image of any entity and in this particular case—Air New Zealand—its cause damage to assets of the company, its employee, its clients and even its partners. In the context of information technology in particular Accounting Information System, a threat is a process, thing, or person that will affect the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of the information system, its data, and programs. Natural Disasters and Terrorist Attacks – these are often remediated with the use of backup sites Software Errors and/or Equipment Malfunctions – This will be discussed further at the operational threats Unintentional Acts – These are often done by unsuspecting clients and at times even employees. Strict information security policy is the best way to ad dress these threats. Intentional Acts – This can be done by hackers from the external front and disgruntled employees from the internal front.

Science in American Popular Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Science in American Popular Culture - Essay Example The popular American culture signifies contribution of all these sections. The rich, complex and yet unique American culture has major influence of European cultural patterns, particularly in language, the arts and political institutions, but it has a good share of the cultural diversity from the people of Africa, Asia, and North America as well1. Working diligently throughout the week and then spending the weekends with friends and family is one of the popular American ways of preparing oneself for the week ahead. The government too has been supporting and facilitating such system, because it is sound economics. The business will thrive only when we spend money from our kitty. The system too doesn't require complex scientific postulates; instead it works with pure interests and influences. Economic prosperity too is not a guarantee under a flourishing democracy, as we can see in cases of India and Brazil, the world's first- and fourth-largest democracies, respectively. These nations have been struggling for centuries to escape poverty. In fact, at times, the smooth correlation between politics and economics defies even the common wisdom. For example, while autocratic regimes are known to have a destabilizing effect on nation's economy, South Korea and Singapore crossed the threshold to development and prosperity under autocr atic regimes2. This further indicates that popular culture defies the scientific deduction and rational logic. It all depends on the patience and temperament of the people. America has seen maddening rush for Harry Potter series, a fictitious character, living in a fictitious world of wizard, making everything possible with his magic tricks. How does one explain this craze for Harry Potter and his brand of magic tricks The final Harry Potter book 'Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows' is stated to have a record first day sales of 8.3 million copies3. That does not involve any science at all. J.K Rowling knew how to play with the emotions and sentiments of the people. She is a wonderful marketing professional as well and came out successful in implementing her progressive plans. An average American citizen is a peace loving person. But unfortunately, today America is involved around in many such missions which are proving to be detrimental for the popularity of American culture and its ways of life. While the search for the Osama Bin Laden in Afghanistan is proving to be a big headache for the country, the Iraq venture too is proving to be a costly affai r. Carrying out massive strikes in Iraq, in search of the illusive WMDs and plunging huge manpower and resources guarding a foreign land certainly doesn't involve any science in it. It's apparently the game of power politics or is it the dual for controlling the vast oil reserves. Well, we're all waiting for the appropriate answer. President Bush has seen sharp decline in his popularity but he continues to have a firm grip on the administration and country's affairs. If we go by a pure scientific deduction then the dissatisfaction of majority of the people should have resulted in the stepping down of the President. But it is a part of

The Measures Of Performance For The Beer Industry

The Measures Of Performance For The Beer Industry Beer is at present worlds most consumed and oldest alcoholic beverage in the world (Max N, (2005). According to Heineken International (2011), it is expected that worldwide beer consumption will grow by 2% to 3 % annually, but growth forecasts different vary substantially in regions. Heineken is one of the worlds great brewers and is committed to growth and remaining independent. The Heineken brand is available in almost every country around the globe and it is the worlds most valuable international premium beer brand. The companys aim is to be a leading brewer in each of the markets in which it operates and to have the worlds most valuable brand portfolio. According to Heineken International (2011), The Company operates 140 breweries in more than 70 countries and Heineken is Europes largest brewer and the worlds third largest by volume and the average number of people employed is more than 75,000. According to Heineken International (2011), Annual Report (2009), Revenue is EUR 14,701 million gains from the sale of products. Consolidated beer volume is 125.2 million hectolitres and Heineken volume in premium segment is 25.1 million hectolitres, Other revenues are gains from rental income and pub management services also technical services that are giving to third parties. When the services have been delivered Rental income and technical services are state in the income statement. Also, some incomes are gains from the property sale, equipment and plant, intangible assets and (interests in) subsidiaries which are accounted for EUR 41 million, (Heineken International, 2011, Annual Report,  2009). This includes the cost of the Raw materials EUR 1,140 million, non-refundable packaging cost EUR 1,739 million, Goods for resale cost EUR 2,253 million, Inventory movements, marketing and selling expenses EUR 1,664 million, Transport expenses EUR 934 million, Energy and water cost EUR 319 million, Repair and Maintenance cost EUR 299 million. Other expenses include rentals of EUR 184 million, consultant expenses of EUR 158 million, telecom and office automation cost of EUR 145 million and other fixed expenses of EUR 820 million, Heineken International (2011), Annual Report (2009) ,[Online]. Research,  Development , Software and other intangible assets costs. According to Heineken International (2011), Annual Report (2009), [Online], Research, Development, Software and other intangible assets costs is EUR 1,083 million these includes purchase of softwares and expenditure on internally development and maintain of software. Also Expenditure on research activities such as design and improve product brand image (Heineken DraughtKeg, improved design of the new iconic Bottle) . Government Grants According to Heineken International (2011), Annual Report (2009) ,[Online],cost is EUR 70 million Government grants has been surety to the authorities in a number of countries as security for the payment of taxation where Heineken operates, especially excise tax paid for beers and non-alcoholic beverages , spirits and import duties. Other net finance expenses including income Tax According to Heineken International (2011), Annual Report (2009), [Online], Other net finance expenses including income Tax , impairment losses recognised on investments, and gains or losses on hedging instruments that are recognised in the income statement cost is EUR 214 million. Personnel expenses This includes Wages and salaries EUR 1,554 million, compulsory social security contributions EUR 287 million, contributions to defined benefit plans EUR 17 million, increase in other long term employee benefits EUR 7 million, Expenses related to define benefit plans EUR 107 million, Equity-settled share-based payment plan EUR 10 million, Other personnel expenses EUR 397 million, Heineken International (2011), Annual Report (2009),[Online]. The measures of performance for the Beer Industry According to Plato Logic Limited (2011),Global beer consumption grew by 1.8% in 2008, but a sharp slowdown to less than 1% growth forecasted for 2009, also China market is strengthened its position further as the worlds biggest beer market in 2008 by achieving record sale of 407mhl. Anheuser-Busch InBev, SABMiller, Heineken and Carlsberg beer brands accounting for 50% of beer sales volumes and up to 75% of the global profit, Plato Logic Limited (2011). Over the past 5 years the beer category average growth rate was 3.5% globally. However according to SABMiller (2011), this reflects different pictures in growing and developed markets with growing at an average rate of 6.8% .while developed markets gradually become less by 3.4%.The largest contributor to this growth rate is China, which is now the worlds largest beer market, Africa and Eastern Europe. China recorded a rise of over 7%, despite being hindered by heavy weather conditions that affected consumer demand, SABMiller (2011). The measures of performance of the Heineken Company and beer Industry Financial performance Source: Heineken International (2011), Annual Report (2009) via http://www.annualreport.heineken.com/report_of_the_executive_board/financial_review/index.html Revenue and expenses According to Heineken International (2011), Annual Report (2009), [Online], Heineken revenue increased by 2.7 % from EUR 14.3 billion in 2008 to EUR 14.7 billion in 2009 and decreased organic growth by 0.2 %. However Heineken Annual Report noted that other income is increased from EUR 32 million in 2008 to EUR 41 million in 2009.Main reason is of increased cost of sale of property, plant and equipment. Furthermore Total cost management (TCM), Heinekens wide cost reduction programme for the period 2009 to 2011 which is delivered mainly savings in fixed cost spending. Therefore other expenses were decreased by EUR 36 million. In 2009, exceptional restructuring charges as part of personnel expenses related to Total cost management amounted to EUR 63 million before the tax, Heineken International (2011), Annual Report (2009). Heineken International (2011), Annual Report (2009) further noted that Costs of raw materials and packaging decreased by 4.4 %, of which 3.2 % which was due to low volumes and low purchasing prices for barley the end of 2009.Furtthermore Marketing and selling expenses reduce organically by 3.7% to11.3 % of revenue in 2009 from 11.7 % in 2008, Heineken Signs Sponsorship Deal With ESPNSoccernet According to adoimagazine.com, Interactive Hub has secured a sponsorship deal with Heineken on ESPNSoccernet for three seasons of the UEFA Champions League (UCL). The three-season agreement will run until the 2012/2013 season. Heineken supply lager for London Olympics 2012 According to Ruddick G., (04 Feb 2011), London Olympics Business, Heineken UK will be the official lager supplier in a tier three deal, typically worth around  £10m, that pushes London 2012 closer to its target of raising  £2bn from sponsorship. Heineken profits up According to BBC News (25 August 2010), Business, Heineken Net profits for the first half of the year hit 621m Euros ( £510m; $788m), up 17% on the same period last year. Heinekens acquisition of FEMSA increases its exposure to key Latin American markets According to Curran P., (01-12-2010),The Heinekens acquisition of FEMSA strengthen Heinekens position in the Americas and substantially increase its share in Mexico and Brazil as well as securing its joint venture with FEMSA in the US premium beer import market. Mexico and Brazil are other two leading markets in Latin America and those countries accounted of 63% beer volume of those regions in 2009. Heineken NV sees profits grow According to Canadeans,( 17/02/11), latest beer news Heinekens Non-organic net profit rose by 41 per cent to à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬1.4 billion ( £1.2 billion), while its premium volumes climbed by 3.4 per cent. Nearly 1 million jobs rely on sector According to Canadeans news ,(17/02/11), A new report, conducted by Oxford Economics and commissioned by the British Beer Pub Association (BBPA), showed that 980,000 people are reliant on the licensing sector for employment, with the beer and pub trade bringing  £21 billion into the economy annually. Value Chain for the Heineken International Firm infrastructure According to Heineken International (2011), Heineken structured like Holding Company. The role of the Heineken Holding N.V. has performed for the Heineken group since 1952.It has been set to safeguard Heineken continuity with independence, stability and steady growth of the Heineken groups activities. Management Heineken International (2011) noted that Heineken Holding N.V. is head of the Heineken Group with a Board of Directors. The management of Heineken N.V. is run by the Executive Board, which has two members and is chaired by Jean-Franà §ois van Boxmeer. Heineken currently operate in 5 regions, which are The Americas, Western Europe, Central and Eastern Europe, Africa and the Middle East as well as Asia-Pacific. Each operating region is headed by a Regional President. The five Regional Presidents, two members of the Executive Board and five Group Directors are included in the Executive Committee. The Executive Committee ensures the alignment and implementation of key priorities, strategies across the organisation and supports the development of organisation policy. Heineken International (2011). Primary Activities Inbound logistics Heineken operates in many different countries, therefore Heineken purchase raw materials (malt, hops and adjuncts), equipment and other goods and services within in order to meet the needs of customers and consumers and distributed beer worldwide, stored in warehouses strategically placed throughout to minimize shipping costs to stores. Supplier Code is designed to ensure both ethical and effective sourcing processes that reduce the risk of reputational and financial damage through the supply chain, Heineken International (2011). Operations Heineken main operation is Brew beer and it operates in more than 170 countries. With total consolidated beer volume of 125.2 million hectoliters in 2009, producing beer in more than 70 countries through its 140 breweries and also through other brewers under license, Heineken International (2011), AMCO Heineken Prospectus [Online]. Outbound logistics Heineken is the largest beer and beverage distributor in Western Europe. In every market where Heineken active, Heineken strive for comprehensive coverage through alliances with independent distributors or via Heineken own beverage wholesalers. Often, Heineken wholesalers also distribute wine, spirits and soft drinks to the on-trade. Heineken also has brewers throughout the world so that it can ship its finished products to local areas to minimize shipping costs, Heineken International (2011). Marketing and sales Heineken has worlds leading portfolios of premiere beer brands and is the 3rd most recognized brand of beer in the world. By acquiring smaller brewers in the world Heineken spread brand name even more also in achieving sustainable growth. National advertising play a prominent role in promoting Heineken strengthened brand equity through associations with high-impact, high-profile sports and music events (Heineken cup and OPENER music festival), Social networking sites and video blogs, films. Heineken remain fully committed to the responsible brewing, Respect for the consumer and an acknowledgement of the dangers associated with the misuse of alcohol drives to market Heineken products in a responsible way, Heineken International (2011). Service In the brewing industry there is little to no after sales service. The company encourage consumers to visit the internet site and register to become part of the Heineken. As part of this, the company could send out periodical surveys to gain input from consumers on product related issues. Heineken International (2011). Support Activities Human Resource Management According to Heineken International (2011), Heineken has the ability to develop leaders by exposing employees to a wide variety of businesses, with responsibility. Heineken allows them to take prudent risks as they improve their own leadership and business skills. Heineken focused on leadership development that ensures smooth succession through Heinekens most senior management levels. Heineken average number of people employed is more than 75, 000, Heineken International (2011). Technology Development Heinekens worldwide operations are relying on information systems. Information Technology processes, infrastructures and IT Risk monitoring processes are centralised and outsourced to professional outsourcing partners. Which are includes agreements on assurance from IT outsourcing partners, Heineken International (2011). Procurement Thermal energy Heineken use heat for brewing and 41% of heat generated by natural gas in their own sites and from diesel or gas oil, light fuel oil, heavy fuel oil or coal at the remainder 7% of Heineken sites utilise waste heat supplied by neighbouring industrial plants. Heineken gets biogas from the anaerobic treatment of wastewater and Heineken control nineteen anaerobic treatment plants and its the 7th largest company that uses the biogas as an energy source, Heineken International (2011). Electricity Heineken buy most of the electricity and remaining 45% of electricity generate in the site by combining heat and power systems as well as diesel generators. Around 6% of Heineken sites are not connected to urban electricity systems and all the electricity use on those generated on-site, Heineken International (2011). Water water is the main raw material used in brewing. Water is also used to cleaning tanks, packaging, production equipment and pipe work, Heineken International (2011). Raw materials (grains and hops) Heineken get most of raw materials by participating in joint development projects with malting companies in countries where Heineken operates. In 2009, Heineken UK launched a new supply chain code of conduct and focused on improving its responsible supply chain performance. Heineken operates some of own local Agriculture projects to get raw materials such as Sierra Leone Sorghum Project which is local sourcing project in Sierra Leone is part of the companys Africa-wide strategy to procure at least 60% of its raw materials locally, Heineken International (2011). Furthermore Heineken has developed subsidiaries and partnerships for many of the inputs required to produce beer including screw cap manufacturers, freight companies, and can manufacturers, glass bottlers, cardboard manufacturers, and machinery manufacturers, (Heineken International, 2011). Goals of Heineken International Green Commerce According to Heineken Sustainability Report (2009), by 2012 Heineken aims to reduce carbon footprint of their brands and business. This also includes transparently report against clear benchmarks and carbon reduction throughout the value chain support of the new supplier code. Also significantly reduce the total carbon per hectolitre by 2020.Also by 2012 design carbon reduction new package policy, Energy reduction of 15% in cooling, introduce new product evaluation criteria in all regions where Heineken operate. Green brewer Heineken Sustainability Report (2009) noted that Use energy in an efficient way and reduce the associated fossil CO2 emissions and develop this concept of the CO2 natural brewery and implement it in at least three breweries. By 2012 Heineken aim to keep specific water consumption to 4.3 hl/hl also designed energy efficient breweries and keep fossil CO2 emission to average 8.5 kg/hl. Engaging Employees The secure and safe working environment develops for all employees by achieve zero fatalities across Heineken business. By 2012 implement and audit employee rights and policy by developing training modules for employees in high and medium safety risk functions, also set safety targets for other activities that are not relevant for production, Heineken Sustainability Report (2009). Heineken cares According to Heineken Sustainability Report (2009), Heineken aims to increase the level of corporate social investment in developing markets, by In 2010 increase funds for the Heineken Africa Foundation to EUR 20 million enabling EUR 1 million investment per year thereafter and develop standards for sustainable agriculture and verified by stakeholders. Responsible beer consumption programme The combine actions of Heineken and all stakeholders promote and develop Enjoy Heineken Responsibility(provide consumers with information about alcohol consumption and health issues) by 2012 and develop and deliver 100% of commerce or marketing employees a specific workshop for support rules on responsible commercial communication, Heineken Sustainability Report (2009). Partnership for future progress According to Heineken Sustainability Report (2009), by 2012 increase the Heineken partnership with markets to at least 50 with third party to address alcohol abuse and implement and evaluate UK and Ireland Government or industry partnership projects.

The Proposed Legalization of Same Sex Marriage :: Gay Lesbian Homosexual Papers

The Proposed Legalization of Same Sex Marriage The proposed legalization of same-sex marriage is one of the most significant issues in contemporary American family law. Presently, it is one of the most vigorously advocated reforms discussed in law reviews, one of the most explosive political questions facing lawmakers, and one of the most provocative issues emerging before American courts. If same-sex marriage is legalized, it could be one of the most revolutionary policy decisions in the history of American family law. The potential consequences, positive or negative, for children, parents, same-sex couples, families, social structure public health, and the status of women are enormous. Given the importance of the issue, the value of comprehensive debate of the reasons for and against legalizing same-sex marriage should be obvious. Marriage is much more than merely a commitment to love one another. Aside from societal and religious conventions, marriage entails legally imposed financial responsibility and legally authorized financial benefits. Marriage provides automatic legal protections for the spouse, including medical visitation, succession of a deceased spouse's property, as well as pension and other rights. When two adults desire to "contract" in the eyes of the law, as well a perhaps promise in the eyes of the Lord and their friends and family, to be responsible for the obligations of marriage as well as to enjoy its benefits, should the law prohibit their request merely because they are of the same gender? I intend to prove that because of Article IV of the United States Constitution, there is no reason why the federal government nor any state government should restrict marriage to a predefined heterosexual relationship. Marriage has changed throughout the years. In Western law, wives are now equal rather than subordinate partners; interracial marriage is now widely accepted, both in statute and in society; and marital failure itself, rather than the fault of one partner, may be grounds for a divorce. Societal change have been felt in marriages over the past 25 years as divorce rates have increased and have been integrated into even upper class families. Proposals to legalize same-sex marriage or to enact broad domestic partnership laws are currently being promoted by gay and lesbian activists, especially in Europe and North America. The trend in western European nations during the past decade has been to increase legal aid to homosexual relations and has included marriage benefits to some same-sex couples.

Analyse how information is presented in Tabloid and Broadsheet Newspapers

This essay will discuss in depth, the techniques both Tabloids and Broadsheets employ to present the information in their respective newspapers. The definition of a Tabloid is a small sized paper with many pictures, whilst a Broadsheet is generally a larger sized paper with a focus more on text than pictures. Size is not the only topic that will be covered in the essay; this essay will also explore the use of language of a paper, the main conventions of a paper such as The Headline and puffs, the use of visual effects such as pictures, adverts and special features such as double page spreads. The title poses the question of â€Å"how information is presented in Tabloid and Broadsheet newspapers†. From the Masthead to the Article the reader is inundated with information, this comes in many forms depending on the paper and its format. Tabloids utilize a number of methods for the transfer of information; this could include the use of Headlines, pictures and use of Language. The use of pictures in Tabloids is crucial to their success and popularity. Like most points the use of Pictures is important but is complimentary to another aspect of Tabloids and would not have nearly the same amount of effectiveness without the other conventions of the paper. The expression that a picture is worth a thousand words is not to be underestimated when examining tabloids. Tabloids often pick their pictures specifically for the type of story they want and more importantly the stance they want to take for this story, for example the picture featured in the Daily Express 6 September 2005 depicted two heavily armed police officers in the recently devastated city of New Orleans. This greatly complimented the article which even though reported on the recent disaster of Hurricane Katrina focused more on the lack of security forces in the area and the actions police had to take to keep control over the general populous. The picture itself did give the reader a feeling of the type of place New Orleans now was, that being a very dangerous one, and so in that sense the picture succeeded in rousing some sort of emotion in the reader before even having set about reading the text. The picture was very sensationalist as was the language and so the two complemented each other perfectly. This use of pictures to complement articles by giving the reader an insight on the article subject is common practice by both Tabloids and Broadsheets. But it is Tabloids who take it one step further and use pictures to stir emotions within the reader which to some extent subsidises and even does away with the need for emotive language within the article but not altogether. As pictures still do in many cases support the text. Everywhere we look on a paper we are consciously or subliminally gathering information. When a reader sees a masthead such as that of The Sun they have already gained information on the kind of paper it is and therefore what kind of stories it features. The Sun's masthead for example with it's big and bold white font set on a bright red background suggests that the paper is cheerful, not too serious and is a light read. This information can be gathered simply by the connotations that the actual masthead emanates as well as the simple preconception that the reader has from hear say and maybe previous experience of the paper. One of the main aspects of Tabloids is their use of Headlines and Sub-titles. Tabloids are shrewd in the art of Headlines, they are artful manipulators of language and this is one of the main â€Å"weapons† in their â€Å"armoury†. The Headline is one of the first things a prospective customer sees when browsing through the racks of papers, if the headline sounds appealing then hopefully the paper will be just as good, a lot of Tabloid sales depends on their headlines. Tabloids use such techniques as puns, rhetorical questions, alliteration, assonance and more. These techniques make a headline appealing to the reader and therefore make the paper more appealing, for example, â€Å"Runaway Roadent Rescued† this is a pun regarding the story of a hamster finding its way onto a road and being rescued by a passer by. This play on words is typical among Tabloids but that particular quote was from the 25 September 2005 Sun newspaper. This is directly linked to the use of language in newspapers and also the type of information in newspapers as the headline dictates what the article will be and vice versa. By far the most relevant part of the Tabloid is the news or information which is represented by its use of language. Language plays a critical role in the composition of a Tabloid. As with headlines, techniques such as puns and alliteration are common place within the articles of such Tabloid papers as The Sun and The News of The World. The type of language used in Tabloids can be most easily defined as Sensationalist. This is when the journalist or newspaper use lurid and often exaggerated material in this case, as its general style to gain public attention or sales. This comprises all writing techniques exploited to gain readership. Being sensationalist might also include focusing on one side of the article as is the case with the article from The Daily Express 6 September, in which the article was focused mainly on the action of the police and on the aggression posed to George W. Bush by The Louisiana Senator; † yesterday threatened to punch President Bush if he repeated his accusation that the local sheriffs had failed in their duty†¦ â€Å", this type of focus is another common characteristic of many tabloids who cannot seem to give an unbiased judgement on any situation. In most Tabloids you would find such words and phrases as; â€Å"living hell†, â€Å"boozy† etc. It is not uncommon for Tabloids to coin their own phrases for events, these phrases sometimes get adopted by the mainstream media and sometimes even broadsheets, for example: the very recent events about Roy Keane and his propose move from Manchester United has hailed a new nickname for him thought up by tabloids, The Sun â€Å"Don't leave Keano† as its headline. While in October 2, 2005 The Observer its opening statement on the story was â€Å"Whatever the future for Keano, Manchester United†¦ † There is a great difference between the average article lengths of Broadsheets and Tabloids. Generally Broadsheets would have the longer more analytical articles whilst Tabloids would stick to their more bias based short articles unless the subject matter is about a scandalous celebrity in which case you would be lucky to see such an article in a Broadsheet unless it really was big news, whilst Tabloids would devote a two page spread no doubt with a big compromising picture of the celebrity in question. The language used is casual, colloquial and often slang. This is how we would talk when addressing friends and so in using colloquial language the Tabloids are only reinforcing their friendly, cheerful image. Opening paragraphs are common place and another main convention in all papers. Their purpose is to give the reader a quick summary of the article topic whilst simultaneously introducing the article. Opening paragraphs do not differ very much between Broadsheets and Tabloids apart from the type of language used in them. Tabloids generally have more action orientated opening paragraphs, a good example of this would be in The Daily Espress September 6; â€Å"BATTLE-hardened Iraq war veterans were among 40,000 troops patrolling America's stricken Deep South last night as the rule of law at last began to be reimposed. This as an opening paragraph was very action orientated, in the quotation itself please note the â€Å"BATTLE†, the first word being in block capital letters, this was the newspaper itself wishing to obviously highlight this feature. This is not uncommon in Tabloids whose readers skim through the article at best and rely more heavily on the opening paragraph as an insight into the article itself, this action orientated opening was fully intended by the Tabloid and was there to catch the reader's eye with its Capital letters and its manipulative placing. Broadsheets generally keep their opening paragraphs brief but use more narrative techniques. In The Daily Telegraph, September 6 the article starts of with a quote and goes on to describe the scene following Hurricane Katrina; † as the familiar battered blue Buick station-wagon of her neighbours lumbered into their water-logged street for the first time in over a week. † This type of writing is familiar in Broadsheets who introduce the article in a more composed way so as to avoid both bias and proceed to the analytical approach that many Broadsheets take in their articles. Vocabulary in both Broadsheets and Tabloids vary depending on the paper. Generally Tabloids arguably have a more primitive use of vocabulary while Broadsheets have a more developed use of vocabulary. Quite simply Broadsheets use longer and more complicated words than Tabloids but Tabloids have an excuse. The average reader of a Tabloid is arguably Middle to Lower class, people who want a light read with not too much analysis and intense storytelling which is what papers are, storytellers. So the Tabloids mitigate their vocabulary so as not to offend any lower class readers who did not get the same standard of education as the average reader of The Times for example who is probably from a Middle or Upper class family and might have gone to a good Grammer or Public school therefore receiving a higher quality of education than his Sun reading counterpart. This is all a generalisation and therefore not a totally accurate view on society and who reads what paper, it is a mere illustration of the typical reader of certain Newspapers. Broadsheets on the other hand have an extended use of vocabulary and therefore one can conclude that the average Broadsheet reader is probably not poorly educated and therefore of at least a high lower class background. But the one aspect of all this that is an anomaly is that Tabloids use their language in a more manipulative and therefore intellectual way. The ability to use such techniques as puns and alliteration in an article is a very advanced use of language. This shows that even though on surface Tabloids use less sophisticated language they are really very shrewd manipulators of language. Such as the Tabloid the ever closer to extinction Broadsheet is a newspaper, and as the name suggests its main purpose is to inform the reader of yesterday's events. This is a big problem for Broadsheets, the fact that we now have twenty four hour news stations working tirelessly round the clock to give the news to the public the minute it happens is posing a threat to Broadsheets. Tabloids on the other hand rely on their light read and fun loving image to sell papers, but Broadsheets have an ever growing task ahead of them. As with most papers the masthead is the first factor that gives off information. With The Daily Telegraph for instance, the paper gives off the connotations of being honest, conservative, traditional and important news not to mention being daily. All of these features make up the image of the paper and obviously that is the image that most people get when thinking of The Daily Telegraph with its traditional but automatically recognisable font. This is correlated with the use of language in a paper as the masthead is an indicator of the general readership of a paper which determines the type of language used in the paper. Comparable to Tabloids the Broadsheet sells on its Headlines and subtitles. Instead of using puns and word play to attract customers it uses comparatively normal headlines and rarely utilizes puns but on occasion does use alliteration. Broadsheet Headlines are a lot more narrative than those of Tabloids, the story rather than relies on opinion and sensationalism, e. g. â€Å"New Orleans was living hell† and â€Å"Families go home to pick over the remnants of ruined lives†. The former of the two quotations is from The Daily Express while the latter is a headline from The Daily Telegraph, both of whom were some might say surprisingly reporting on the same story, The New Orleans disaster. As the quotations illustrated, Tabloids make use of a variety of techniques when composing their Headlines while Broadsheets generally simply tell the reader the subject matter of the article in more sophisticated methods than as was described. This is directly linked with the language used in Broadsheets as the Headline is an indicator of the complexity of the language in the article. The language used in the Articles of a Broadsheet like The Headlines differ to those in a Tabloid. Whilst in Tabloids you would expect to find colloquial and rather simple use of language, Broadsheets are very different in this way. They are analytical in their approach to the subject and without any bias unlike Tabloids. Broadsheets use more complex language with a more narrative style of writing rather than the sensationalist style you would find in a Tabloid. There is also a great contrast in the coverage of a story. In the Tabloid the article was firmly set around the law enforcement in New Orleans centring mainly about issues of action, as well as being very brief partly because there is only so much coverage you can give to the security forces when there is a noticeable lack of them. In the broadsheet article covering exactly the same story, The New Orleans disaster, the article is focused more on the victims and their loss post hurricane period rather than the security situation. The article is analytical offering a post hurricane analysis of all the key individuals to do with the matter. This is complemented by the more sophisticated use of language. The length of the Article is also a lot longer than that of the articles in Tabloids. Tabloids generally report directly on the story while Broadsheets analyse the story. A good example of this would be the recent hijacking of a British tank in Iraq. The Tabloids reported on the story itself and on how the soldier involved was a hero, while The Broadsheets analysed the whole episode, reporting on the story, analysing on why it happened, how it happened giving a step by step account on the days proceedings and the consequences of those events. Tabloids usually hone in on a single story while Broadsheets try to give an analysis on the â€Å"bigger picture†. The differences between Tabloids and Broadsheets are wide and varied. Tabloids are a modern creation, created to contend with magazines rather than the traditional news, they are popular newspapers simply because to find the news the average person can simply turn on the television and any relevant stories will be on. This is how Tabloids can be so successful in today's markets, they do not bother competing with giving the news instead they give opinion and stories the public want, another reason why Tabloids spend so very much money on exclusive scoops such as the recent wedding of Katie Price (Jordan, Glamour model) and Peter Andre (pop-singer). Broadsheets on the other hand are a victim of circumstance. The world has been changing in the last century and they have been slow to pick up on this, this is a simple answer to their dwindling sales, but they are good at what they do. They give out opinion as well but for the reader's benefit, it is often thought provoking and welcome by the reader, not subliminal and unknown like the case is with Tabloids. Broadsheets are sophisticated newspapers who give the news in its best possible way, refined and with a touch of sophistication. In conclusion the way information is presented in Tabloids and Broadsheets are varied and quite unique to their respective formats. Tabloids are cunning and develop their stories through their many techniques. Broadsheets are equally if not cleverer than tabloids and still retain their dignity and self worth, but they are fighting a losing battle against todays on the spot news broadcasting. They still have a devoted readership and hopefully a growing one but in the media world it truly is survival of the fittest and Broadsheets are only now realising that evolution is the answer even if it does mean the alienation of a small percentage of their readership.

Synthesis of Acetanilide

Synthesis of Acetanilide By: Rick Whitely April 9, 2013 Organic Chemistry Lab 1; Professor J. Hutchison Recrystallization is a common method of purifying organic substances through the differences in solubility at different temperature. In this experiment, acetanilide was produced by acetylation of aniline with acetic anhydride. The crude acetanilide was dissolved in a solvent in a heated water bath. The solution was cooled slowly in an ice bath as crystals form out.As the compound crystallizes from the solution, the limiting reagent Aniline and the percent yield of 96% was obtained. Introduction: This experiment involves four functional groups common in organic chemistry. The substrate (reactants) which are Aniline and Acetic anhydride are both liquids and one of the products is solid (Acetanilide). The reaction of aniline with acetic anhydride is a transformation in which products acetanilide and acetic acid are obtained. A solid product (Acetanilide) is obtained so that it may be recrystallized and a melting point determined.The Reaction: Aniline (C6H5NH2) + acetic anhydride (C4H6O3) Acetanilide (C8H9NO) + acetic acid (C2H4O2) Results and Discussion: Amines can be treated (Acylated, adding a Carbonyl and losing a proton) using Acetic Anhydride as a source of an â€Å"Acyl† group to form an Amide. The Synthesis of Acetanilide (an Amide) through a Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution (addition / elimination) reaction between Aniline (an Amine) is acting as the Nucleophile and an Acyl group from Acetic Anhydride acting as the Electrophile.The Mechanism: The desired product is isolated from its impurities by differences in solubility. Soluble impurities remain in the cold solvent after recrystallization. The desired product should be as soluble as possible in hot solvent and as insoluble as possible in cold solvent. The selection of solvent is therefore critical to the successful recrystallization which in this experiment, water was used as the solvent because of its solubility. The calculated percent yield was 96%. Procedures: Acetic anhydride (1mL, 10. 8) was added in several small portions along with 6 mL of deionized water to (0. 1 g, 1. 08 mmol) of aniline. The immediate formation of a solid precipitate was observed. After adding 20mL of deionized water to the mixture, it was then heated until all of the material was dissolved. A crystalline solid was obtained while cooling to room temperature, then filtered and washed with 2mL of chilled water. The material was allowed to dry for approximately 15 minutes and (0. 9795 g, 96%) of Acetanilide was recovered. Calculations: Moles of Aniline: 0. 7 g C6H5NH2 / X x 93. 3 g C6H5NH2 / 1 mole = 0. 7g / 93. 13 g x X 93. 13 g / 93. 13 g = X = . 0075 mol x 1000 = 7. 5 mmol Moles of acetic anhydride: 1. 08 g C4H6O3 / X x 102. 09 g / 1 mol = 1. 08 g / 102. 09 g x X 102. 09 g / 102. 09 g = X = 0. 0106 mol 1 mL x 1. 08 g / 1 mL = 1. 08 g Limiting Reagent: 0. 7 g C6H5NH2 x 1 mol C6H5NH2/93. 13 g = 1 mo l C8H9NO/ 1 mol C6H5NH2 x 135. 17 g C8H9NO/1 mol C8H9NO = 1. 016 g C8H9NO The limiting reagent is Aniline. Mass of product: .9795 g Acetanilide x 1 mol/135. 17 g Acetanilide = 0. 0073 mol Percent Yield: Percent yield =