Conserve Green Space Essay - 1220 Words

People have been increasingly progressive over the years and just want to keep building and expanding. However, they forget to take care of the planet they are building on. They forget that we need to conserve green space as it provides many ecosystem services such as water filtration and air filtration. They also provide many other ecosystem services such as tourism, a space for peace and calm and solemnity, and a certain aesthetic that it provides. These green areas are also important because one of their biggest ecosystem services is that they decrease the amount of carbon in the air. We need to bring about change to preserve these green spaces which provide so many things and help the Earth run like it should. Businesses want to†¦show more content†¦The first body of water had approximately 4 ppm of dissolved oxygen, 0 ppm of phosphorus, 5 ppm of nitrates, a pH of 5.1, and the temperature was 12 degrees celsius. The second body of water had approximately 4 ppm of dissolv ed oxygen, 0.3 ppm of phosphorus, 10/3 ppm of nitrates, a pH of 6.97, and the temperature was 9 degrees celsius. There were also lots of previous human interactions. There was lots of litter, spray-painted rocks and stakes. The ecosystem is built next to a trail so there will definitely be the human interaction of walking. Important Parameters An ecosystem has many parts to it and one of the most important parts is biodiversity. It increases survivability in species and can help humans a lot. Also as this ecosystem is an early successional ecosystem biodiversity is very important as it keeps the ecosystem stable. With a gas station being built habitat is being destroyed and that can cause decreased biodiversity which threatens the existence of the ecosystem. When the gas station is build there will be increased edge space, less habitat and as a result of more edge space and a gas station being built more outside interaction. These could all lead to many of the populations in the ecosystems dying out. If the vegetation dies out it poses a problem to us as that is decreasing green space, food security and other things that biodiversity guarantees. Also since there is lessShow MoreRelatedCauses And Effects Of Climate Change1706 Words   |  7 Pagesare among the dozen warmest since 1850 (News.nationalge ographic.com, 2015). The temperature keeps increasing year by year. The scientists at NASA’s Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS) reported that the average global temperature on earth has increase by about 0.8 ° Celsius since 1880 (Earthobservatory.nasa.gov, 2015). This essay will talk about the causes and effects of climate change, and also present some possible solutions which relevant to the issues. The causes of climate change can be dividedRead MoreHuman Interactions And Its Effects On The Environment Essay1166 Words   |  5 PagesMini essay 3 Earth, the place many of us call home, is slowly deteriorating. Constant abuse, mistreatment, and the theft of it’s natural resources has left an environment that is fortunately still bearable. But, for how long? There is a point where the inhabitants of this Earth need to take credit for their mistreatment and recognize the steps needed to conserve precious resources. Human interactions within the environment has shown both positive and negative effects on the overall well being ofRead MoreForm And Design Of Development Essay1181 Words   |  5 Pagesadoption and implementation of tree preservation policies. Also, designs for new development will consider the need for suitable locations to accommodate the planting of street trees. Intelligent policy framework can ensure that the inevitable loss of green cover for development may be compensated by afforestation in surrounding areas, or within the concerned site. LANDMARKS, HERITAGE SITES, COMMERCIAL SECTORS AND OTHER KEY SITES New development should minimize the obstruction of views of natural featuresRead MoreOil Spills Is A Huge Source Of Ocean Pollution1192 Words   |  5 PagesJulia Hanania Science 1 September 2015 Percentage similarity: Water Essay: Oil Spills In this essay the advantages and limitations of bioremediation, biostimulation, and biofermentation with regard to environmental factors will be discussed and evaluated. Ship pollution is a huge source of ocean pollution, the most devastating effect of which is oil spills (Causes and Effects of Ocean Pollution†). Ship contamination is a gigantic wellspring of sea contamination, the most crushing impact of whichRead MoreAre our Recycling Efforts Worth the Trouble?1522 Words   |  7 Pagesour Recycling Efforts Worth the Trouble? Recycling has always been a matter of helping the environment to have a sustainable community, it is the number one action we can do for the environment, the economy and our future for this planet. In this essay I am going to write about why recycling is important. And why it is worth our efforts to have a sustainable environment for future generations. The benefits of recycling are many and those includes reducing the waste send to landfills, prevent pollutionRead MoreWritten Assignment : Three Environmental Problems1184 Words   |  5 Pagesproduction to limit CO2 and other polluting emissions, reversing deforestation to create more carbon sinks to trap CO2, and creating opportunities for water conservation. These three issues are interconnected, solving one, benefits the others. This essay explores possible steps to effect positive change. Renewable Energy U.S. President Barack Obama beat me to the finish line regarding a renewable energy plan. Yesterday, with the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), President Obama announced the CleanRead MoreEssay on Mans Journey with Nature793 Words   |  4 Pageswith the concepts and champions for each separate conviction. In the book Man and Nature, George Perkins Marsh details the case of a superior man who is forced to take control over nature for his survival. As rebuttal, Ralph Waldo Emerson, in his essay Nature, promotes the case of man intertwined and united with the complex systems of nature. A deliberation of both arguments is mandatory in order to understand the natural, explicit correlation that exists between man and nature. After initial ponderingRead MoreThe Ideas Of Two Architects Who Have Been Considered As The Pioneers Of Modern Architecture1817 Words   |  8 PagesThe purpose of this essay is to discuss the ideas of two architects who have been considered as the pioneers of Modern architecture in Britain, Maxwell Fry and Jane Drew. These architects have implement ed their concepts of modern architecture and its own elements, in the construction of Chandigarh, a new city in India, which is the capital of two states Punjab and Haryana. The Sir George Birdwood Memorial Lecture by Maxwell Fry and Jane Drew talked about the construction of modern India. They explainRead MoreThe Idea For Green Infrastructure1836 Words   |  8 PagesGreen Infrastructure Keqing Zhu Introduction The idea for green infrastructure (GI) has started 150 years ago. However, the term was first appeared in a Floridian report to the governor on land conservation strategies in 1994. It is becoming a popular term which used by planning, conservation, ecology related disciplines in recent years and it means quite different to different disciplines, people and purposes. Basically, green infrastructure can be defined as an interconnected network of green spaceRead MoreAn Evaluation of Composting, Incineration, and Recycling Essay1857 Words   |  8 PagesMoreover, people are also generating new types of waste, such as the space waste, the chemical waste, and the nuclear waste. For instance, as a result of development of space industry, in the recent decades the amount of the space waste has increased significantly. Some countries or companies left their old satellites, idle equipments in the open space, which then became space debris. This space debris can collide with working space sta tion and damage them. In addition, sometimes these wastes enter

Jeremiah as a Christ Figure in Peace Like a River Free Essays

Jeremiah as a Christ Figure in Peace like a River In the novel Peace like a River, Leif Enger creates the character Jeremiah Land as a Christ figure in order to convey the character’s role as a person whose life is spent serving others. Throughout the novel, there are many miracles performed, and some seem to obviously connect with Jeremiah. The intent of making Jeremiah a Christ figure comes to fulfillment by the novel’s end, when Jeremiah sacrifices his life to save his son, Reuben. We will write a custom essay sample on Jeremiah as a Christ Figure in Peace Like a River or any similar topic only for you Order Now In the creation of Jeremiah as a Christ figure, Enger reminds the reader of the importance of self-abnegation and apprehension for others, attitudes that make the pains of human experience tolerable. As stated, there are many miracles in the novel. In the beginning of the novel, Reuben sneaks outside to use the bathroom, when he sees his dad, praying in the bed if the truck and he walks straight off and continues walking without falling. At Christmas time, Davy gives Swede a saddle, but it has an unfixable break in the seam, which is miraculously fixed after Jeremiah tripping over it and bringing it up to her room. One night, after Davy had broken out of jail, Tin Lurvy stops by the Land house and is served soup, but after at least eleven bowls total were served, the pot in which it was made was more than half full. Some miracles are very obviously connected to Jeremiah, like his walking off the truck, but there are others that are not so obvious. In the New Testament, Jesus feeds five thousand people with five loaves of bread and three fish, which connects to the somehow refilling pot of soup that Tin Lurvy kept eating. Supposedly, Jeremiah would boil water with some vinegar and that would help Reuben breathe better, but I believe it was Jeremiah himself when he made it for him. There is a point in the novel where the miracles seem to cease. It is the arrival at Roxanna’s house. They were running on the extremely small amount of gas that apparently lasted for the entire morning until the found Roxanna and the gas company. After a while, Jeremiah had decided to court Roxanna, and the miracles stopped after that, for he spent most of his time in the Airstream inherited from Tin Lurvy after his heart attack. Reuben still had trouble breathing, but when Swede made the boiled water for him, it didn’t work well. After identifying many facts that support the claim, it is certain that Enger created Jeremiah Land as a Christ figure. But, miracles sometimes being called â€Å"acts of God†, most are not. There are many ordinary miracles happening all over. A woman that works two jobs an still finds time to take her kid to soccer practice; a teenager who says no to drugs and yas to an education; these are miracles you see each day, all the time, everywhere. How to cite Jeremiah as a Christ Figure in Peace Like a River, Papers

Dementia What Is Dementia Dementia Is An Organic Brain Syndrome Whic (8256 words) Essay Example For Students

Dementia What Is Dementia ? Dementia Is An Organic Brain Syndrome Whic (8256 words) Essay Dementia What is Dementia ?Dementia is an organic brain syndrome which results in global cognitive impairments. Dementia can occur as a result of a variety of neurological diseases. Some of the more well known dementing diseases include Alzheimers disease (AD), multi-infarct dementia (MID), and Huntingtons disease (HD). Throughout this essay the emphasis will be placed on AD (also known as dementia of the Alzheimers type, and primary degenerative dementia), because statistically it is the most significant dementing disease occurring in over 50% of demented patients (see epidemiology). The clinical picture in dementia is very similar to delirium, except for the course. Delirium is an acute transitory disorder. By contrast Dementia is a long term progressive disorder (with the exception of the reversible dementias). The course of AD can range anywhere from 1.5 to 15 years with an average of about 8.1 years (Terry , 1988). AD is usually divided into three stages mild, moderate, and severe.Throughout these stages a specific sequence of cognitive deterioration is observed (Lezak, 1993). The mild stage begins with memory, attention, speed dependent activities, and abstract reasoning dysfunction. Also mild language impairments begin to surface. In the moderate stage, language deficits such as aphasia and apraxia become prominent. Dysfluency, paraphasias, and bizzare word combinations are common midstage speech defects. In the severe stage the patient is gradually reduced to a vegetative state. Speech becomes nonfluent, repetitive, and largely non-communicative. Auditory comprehension is exceedingly limited, with many patients displaying partial or complete mutism. Late in the course of the disease many neuropsychological functions can no longer be measured. Also primitive reflexes such as grasp and suck emerge. Death usually results from a disease such as pneumonia which overwhelms the limited vegetative functions of the patient. Dementia is commonly differentiated along two dimensions: age and cortical level. The first dimension, age, distinguishes between senile and presenile dementia. Senile dementia is used to describe patients who become demented after the age of 65, whereas presenile dementia applies to patients who become demented prior to that age. Late onset AD (LOAD) also known as senile dementia Alzheimers type (SDAT) is the predominant cause of senile dementia. Early onset AD (EOAD) is the most frequent cause of presenile dementia, but HD, Picks disease and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease though not as frequent are also important causes in presenile dementia.The second dimension, cortical level, differentiates between cortical and subcortical dementia. Corticaldementia is used to describe dementia which results from brain lesions at the cortical level, whereassubcortical dementia describes dementia resulting from subcortical brain lesions. AD and Picks disease arethe best known examples of cortical dementia; whereas HD, Parkinsons disease (PD), and progressivesupranuclear palsy (PSP) are good examples of subcortical dementia (Mayke, 1994). Dementia with bothcortical and subcortical features is also possible, in that case the term mixed dementia is used. MID is acommon example of mixed dementia. Historical developments in dementia Pre-Modern Developments The use of the term dementia dates back to Roman times. The Latin word demens did not originallyhave the specific connotation that it does today. It meant being out of ones mind and, as such, was ageneral term for insanity (Pitt, 1987). It was the encylopedist Celsus who first used the worddementia in his De re medicina, published around AD 30. A century later the Cappadocian physicianAretaeus first described senile dementia with the word dotage (i.e. , The dotage which is the calamity of oldagedotage commencing with old age never intermits, but accompanies the patient until death. ).Curiously, dementia was mentioned in most systems of psychiatric classification throughout pre-moderntimes, though the precise meaning of the word is often unclear (Pitt, 1987).Nineteenth Century It can be argued that the origins of the scientific study of dementia date back to the early nineteenth century. The initial steps were undertaken by the great French psychiatrist Pinel at the beginning of that century. Pinels observations led him to the conclusion that the term dementia should be applied in relation to theprogressive mental changes seen in some idiots (Pitt,3). Furthermore, Pinel thought that dementiawas a distinct abnormal entity, and thus he used the term dementia to designate one of the five classes ofmental derangement. However, by applying the term dementia to idiots, Pinel failed to differentiatebetween dementia and mental subnormality. This was accomplished by Pinels student Esquirol in his 1838 textbook Mental maladies-A treatise on insanity. Esquirol summed up the difference between the dementedand the mentally handicapped in the following epigram: The dement is a man deprived of the possessionshe once enjoyed, he is a rich man who has become poor. But the defective has been penniless and wretchedall his life (Mahendra, 10). Furthermore, Esquirol was also instrumental in the popularization of the termsenile dementia. Remarkably, his description of senile dementia is very similar to our present day definition. Interestingly, in 1845 Griesinger proposed that senile dementia was due to a disease of the cerebralarteries, a faulty view which persisted until Alzheimers time. Much of todays basic knowledge about dementia was accumulated throughout the second half of the nineteenth century, and the first decade of the twentieth century. 1872 saw Huntington present a papercalled On chorea, in which he discussed a typical case of what is now known as Huntingtons disease.Twenty years later in 1892 two significant events occurred. First Pick in a paper called On the relationbetween aphasia and senile brain atrophy described the case of August H. a 71 year old patient with seniledementia. Although the case is not typical of our present day conception of the disease Pick was givencredit for discovering a new disease. The other more significant event in 1892 was Blocq and Marienscosdescription of scattered silver staining plaques in the cortex of senile patients. These plaques weresubsequently named senile plaques (SP) by Simchowitz in 1911.The year 1894 saw Alzheimers first major contribution , a differentiation between senile and vascular(arteriosclerotic)dementia. Alzheimer described the specific changes observed in arteriosclerotic atrophy ofthe brain, which resemble what we might call vascular dementia. In 1898 another milestone occurred whenBinswanger introduced the term presenile dementia. Thus by the twentieth century significant changes weretaking place in our understanding of dementia. The nineteenth century view that there was only one mentaldisease-insanity-and that dementia was its terminal stage was dispelled by Kraepelin in the 6th edition of histextbook Psychiatrie, published in 1899 (Pitt, 4). Kraepelin separated dementia praecox (a concept heproposed in 1898 in relation to Schizophrenia) from the other dementias (paralytica and organic), and Seniledementia was included under another category called involution psychosis (Pitt, 4).Twentieth Century In 1907 Alzheimer published his landmark case A unique illness involving the cerebral cortex in which he described a fifty-five year old demented woman. The case was very unusual for two reasons its clinical course, and the discovery of a striking microscopic lesion in the womans brain (Beach, 1987). The clinicalcourse was unusual because of the young age of the patient and the rapidity of degeneration (the patient diedwithin four and a half years of symptom onset). At autopsy neuropathological findings were even moreunusual. One quarter to one third of cerebral cortical neurons had disappeared, and many of the remainingneurons contained thick, coiled masses of fibers within their cytoplasm (Beach, 1987). Alzheimer speculatedthat a chemical change had occurred in the neurofibrils. Thus Alzheimer described for the first timeneurofibrillary tangles (NFT), which togther with SP are considered to be the neuropathologocal halmarksof AD (See Appendix 1 for Alzheimers original drawing of NFT). Alzheimer concluded that hediscovered a unique entity separate from senile dementia as it was known at that time. However, it was notuntil 1910 when Kraepelin discussed the condition in the 8th edition of his textbook Psychiatrie that ADgained official recognition. The second decade of the twentieth century witnessed the end of the golden period in dementia research (this only lasted until the 1960s when a renaissance occurred). URen cites two reasons as the principalcauses (Pitt, 6). First the rise of Freuds Psychodynamic theory caused American psychiatry to swerve in thedirection of psychological explanations. Second Kraepelins descriptions and classifications seemed to leavelittle room for therapeutic efforts or optimism. Notwithstanding, several key contributions have been made in the Dark Ages of dementia research. In1920 Creutzfeldt, and in 1921 Jakob, described cases of dementia with pyramidal and extrapyramidal signs.Although it is now thought that only Jakobs case was typical of the disease the Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease(CJD) was given to the world. The year 1936 saw an important change with regards to the diagnosis of AD. Before 1936 it was common practice to provide a diagnosis based on both clinical and pathologicalcharacteristics. However, when it became clear that many non-demented people had some senile plaquesand neurofibrillary tangles, Jervis and Soltz advised that only clinical criteria would suffice for a diagnosis ofAD (Mahendra, 14). In 1948 Jervis published his landmark paper called Early senile dementia inMongoloid idiocy. Jervis described three individuals with Downs syndrome (DS), aged 37, 42 and 47years, each of whom had shown a profound emotional and intellectual deterioration in the last few years oflife. At autopsy, all were found to have SP and two also displayed NFT (Beach, 39). This was the firstdemonstration of NFT in DS and the first full clinical and pathological correlation supporting an Alzheimer- like syndrome in DS (Beach, 39). Research in dementia began to revive in the early sixties. New causes of the dementia syndrome have been recognized including, depression, which in the form of psuedodementia may mimic dementia (Kiloh,1961), progressive supranuclear palsy (Steele et al, 1964) and normal pressure hydrocephalus (Adams et al, 1965) , (cited in Pitt, 6). Prior to the 1960s dementia was still viewed as a chronic, irreversible anduntreatable condition (Mahendra, 14). Accordingly, in the 1960s, several writers in Europe called for arevision of the concept and emphasized that irreversibility should not be viewed as an essential feature ofdementia. Another important change that took place in the 1960s concerned epidemiology. Prior to thesixties arteriosclerosis was thought to be the predominant cause of dementia, whereas AD was thought to berare (Pitt, 12). However, arteriosclerosis was decisively challenged as the prime cause of dementia byseveral reports between 1960 and 1970 (i.e.,Tomlinson, Blessed, and Roth, 1968 and 1970). These reportsdemonstrated that arteriosclerosis was greatly overestimated as a cause of dementia, and that the majority ofpatients dying with dementia in fact showed the characteristic plaques and tangles of AD. Furthermore,Katzman, in 1976 argued that because of similarity in the clinical picture and the identical nature of thehistopatholgy, distinctions between AD and senile dementia were arbitrary and no longer useful (Pitt, 12).Thus when it was understood that AD and senile dementia are similar, it was clear that AD is a commonillness.In the mid-1970s two important contributions were made. First, Butler in his 1975 book Why survive? Being old in America criticized the widespread notion that senility was a normal part of aging. Butlerargued that, senility, was a result of brain disease or depression and was potentially treatable. The extensionof this view was that senility was abnormal, and that its usual causes were diseases, not just aging(Pitt, 1987).Second, three different labs (Bowen et al, 1976; Davies Maloney, 1976; and Perry et al,reported low levels of choline acetyltransferase, the marker enzyme for acetylcholine 1977) (ACh), in thebrains of patients who died from AD. ACh deficiency has since been the target of most therapeutic efforts inAD (see treatment). Throughout the 1980s and 1990s two trends emerged. First, with regards to diagnosis, criteria have been made stricter. Classification systems like the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual have evolvedtowards a more precise and comprehensive definition of dementia. Moreover, neuoroimaging techniquesare becoming more and more standard, allowing in some cases for a more accurate diagnosis. Second,the past fifteen years have witnessed a substantial growth in genetically based research. For instance one of the genes involved in AD, the amyloid precursor protein (APP), has been localized to a specific segmentof chromosome 21 (see risk factors).Epidemiology Dementia is known as the quiet epidemic, but it affects a significant proportion of our population. In1989 the Canadian consensus conference on the assessment of dementia reported that Canada had about250,000 cases of dementia (which at the time comprised about 1% of the population), with 25,000 newcases occurring annually (Clarfield, 1989). Jorm et al. (1988) project that until the year 2025 Canada willexperience a growth in the prevalence of dementia, more rapid than the rise if the number of elderly agedover 65. The majority of dementia cases are attributable to AD, vascular dementias, or a combination ofthese (Table 1). In the past there were hopes that up to 40% of dementias had reversible causes. However, recent reports (Clarfield, 1988; Barry and Moskowitz, 1988) suggest that the true incidence of reversibledementias is at the most 11% and is probably far lower, with drugs, metabolic causes and depression accounting for about two thirds of the cases (Clarfield, 1989).Overall, there are no significant gender differences in prevalence and incidence rates for dementia as awhole. However, for AD, there is an increased prevalnce in females. Jorm et al. (1987) estimate a female tomale AD prevalence ratio of 1.6. Ethnically there seem to be important differences in both prevalence andsubtype of dementia. Prevalence wise, Heyman et al. (1991) found that out of a random sample of 411616% of African Americans had dementia compared to only 3.1% of Caucasians. The same study also found that mixed and MID were more likely to occur in African Americans (26% of dementias in African Americans compared to 14% in Caucasians). Moreover, in both Europe and North America most studiespoint to AD as the most common dementing illness; whereas in Asia (especially Japan) MID predominates(Morris, 1994). The observed high rate of stroke in Japan is consistent with a high MID rate. Possibly thehigher level of stress in Japan leads to more strokes and therefore a higher incidence of MID.Table 1. Etiology of Progressive Dementia and Approximate Incidencesenile dementia of the Alzheimer type50%Multi-infract dementia10-15%Mixed SDAT and MID 10-15%Alcoholic-nutritional dementia5-10%Normal pressure hydrocephalus 5%Miscellaneous: Huntingtons disease, neoplasms, chronicsubdural hematomas, Parkinsons disease,Cruetzfeldt-Jakob disease, AIDS, unknown cause5-20%Life Expectancy and Mortality Estimates The following summary is based on Terrys (1988) review of the Wang (1978) and Barclay et al. (1985) studies. The Wang study examined senile dementia (mean age of onset 71.3 years) and presenile dementia (mean age of onset 53.8 years) survival rates during the 1960s. Senile dementia patients survivedon the average 6.0 years, close to half of the expected survival rate (11.1 years) of similarly aged nondemented people. Presenile demented patients survived slightly longer an average of 6. 9 years, against an expected survival of 22.3 years. The Barclay et al. Studies examined survival rates in AD and MID patientsin the 1980s. The mean survival rates for AD and multi-infarct dementia were 8.1 and 6.7 yearsrespectively. Interestingly, the survival rate of demented women on the whole is significantly higher than that of men. Terry (1988) suggests that the lower survival rate of demented men is due to a higher incidence of MID in men. Risk Factors Age Age is the biggest risk factor for developing dementia. According to a model proposed by Jorm et al.(1987) a doubling of the prevalence rate occurs every 5. 1 years. (1987) For the elderly population aged 65and above the prevalence of dementia is estimated at about 10%. Whereas in the very elderly it can reach upto 40% (Clarfield, 1989).Genetics Genetic factors are important in some dementing diseases. Biotechnology Essay and the mini-mental state exam of Folstein et al. The Blessed test is the most sensitive, and thus is used the most in very early cases. The mini-mental test is broader in that it also tests language,writing, and drawing. Both tests are inappropriate to use with mentally retarded individuals or those with apoor educational background. Also the tests should be adjusted for individuals who are not fluent in Englishor for those who have a different cultural background (Katzman et al. , 1988). Another useful brief item isthe dementia rating scale. It is utilized to estimate the severity of dementia. Neuropsychological Testing According to Morris (1994, P. 79) neuropsychological testing in demented patients serves threefunctions: (1) to provide objective documentation of impaired cognition and therefore support the clinicaldiagnosis of dementia (2) to assess cognitive changes longitudinally, and (3) to identify selective patterns ofcognitive deficits for correlation with neuroimaging and postmortem findings.The shortest battery for discriminating dementia patients from normals is the Iowa screening battery for mental decline. It consists of three neuropsychological tests, Temporal Orientation, Benton VisualRetention Test and the Controlled Oral Word Association Test. This battery is used to determine if furtherevaluation is necessary. If further evaluation is necessary usually the Consortium to Establish a Registry forAlzheimers disease (CERAD) battery is used. The battery consists of seven tests, some of which areslightly modified from their original form (Lezak, 1995). These tests include the Word List Memory Testand the Boston Naming Test, which test for memory and language respectively. The word List MemoryTest tests for memory by verifying how well a person can recall three lists of ten words. Whereas the Boston Naming Test tests for language by verifying how well the person can duplicate three lists of fivewords (Lezak, 1995). Sometimes it is useful to test for specific cognitive abilities. For instance theWechsler Memory Scale-Revised is often used to see if a memory impairment is present. Table 5 illustratessome of the more common neuropsychological tests utilized in the assessment of dementia.Table 5. Assessment of Neuropsychological Functions for Dementia Diagnosis Function(s) assessed Examples of useful clinical testsGlobal mental statusMini Mental State, Mattis Dementia Rating Scale, Information-Memory Concentration Test, Syndrome Kurtz Test Premorbid functioningNational Adult Reading Test, Wide-Range Achievement Test-Reading General intellectual functioningWechseler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised, Ravens Progressive Matrices, Test of Nonverbal Intelligence MemoryWechsler Memory Scale Revised, Benton Visual Retention Test, Rey-Osterreith Complex Figure, Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test, Selective Reminding Test, California Verbal Learning Test, Rivermade Behavioral Memory Test Language (naming and fluency)Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Examination, Western Aphasia Battery, Holland Communicative Abilities in Daily Living, Halstead-Wepman Aphasia Screening Test, Bost on Naming Test, Controlled Oral Word Association, Semantic Category Naming Problem solving (and executive functioning)Halstead-Reitan Category Test, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, Trailmaking A ; B, Stroop Praxis and constructional abilityRosen Drawing Test, Rey-Osterreith Complex Figure (copy), Benton 3-Dimensional Blocks, Beery Test of Visual Motor Integration, WAIS-R Block Design, BDAE Stick Test MotorFinger Oscillation, Grooved and Purdue Pegboards, Diadokinesis Attention/concentration WAIS-R Digit Span, Reaction Time Tests, Cancellation Tasks, Syndrome Kurtz Test ______________________________________________________________________________________ Note: Reproduced from Morris, 1994, Handbook of Dementing Illnesses, New York: Marcel DekkerClinical Diagnosis and Related Problems A definitive diagnosis of AD and many other dementing diseases can only be made either throughcerebral biopsy, the surgical removal of a small piece of the cerebral cortex, or when the patient dies and ana utopsy is performed. The two most widely used criteria for the diagnosis of dementia are the Diagnosticand Statistical Manual Third Edition-Revised (DSM-IIIR) and the National Institute of Neurological andCommunicative Disorders and Stroke/Alzheimers Disease and Related Disorders Association(NINCDS/ADRDA). DSM-IIIR is more often used for research purposes and the NINCDS/ADRDA forclinical purposes. There are several problems in diagnosing dementia, most notably differentiating dementia from normalaging and from depression. In general, the cerebral processing resources needed for attention demandingtasks and secondary memory functions are adversely affected by age (Morris, 1994). Clinically, these impairments result in limited attentional capacity and diminished speed of information processing and retrieval. But unlike in dementia these symptoms are largely nonprogressive, and do not interferesubstantially with everyday life (Morris, 1994). In patients with mild cognitive changes it is almostimpossible to make an exact diagnosis even with the best neuropsychological tests. Only the likelihood ofdeveloping dementia can be estimated. There can be a great deal of symptom overlap between dementia and depression especially in the earlystages of dementia. Depression presenting as dementia is often called pseudodementia. The termpseudodementia implies that the dementia is reversible, and is not caused by an organic disorder but ratherit is caused by a psychiatric disorder (Clarfield, 1989). Currently there are no definitive tests to differentiatebetween dementia and depression.Clinical Subgroups of Alzheimers Disease Blenow, Wallin ; Gttfries (1994) have proposed a model for clinical subgroups in AD based upondifferential clinical symptomatology and neuropathology. Their findings indicate that there are two distinctsubtypes which they have termed Alzheimers disease type I and type II. Alzheimers disease type I ischaracterized by dominant temporoparietal symptoms, low frequency of vascular factors, normal blood-brainbarrier function, low frequency of CT indicated leukoaraiosis (white matter lesions), and relatively youngerage of onset. These characteristics correspond to the classic description of AD. Therefore AD type I appears to constitute classical or pure AD (Blenow et al. , 1994).Alzheimers disease type II is characterized by general cognitive symptoms, absence of or mild temporo- parietal symptoms, high frequency of confusional symptoms, relatively high frequency of vascular factors,mildly impaired blood-brain barrier function, high frequency of CT indicated leukoaraiosis, and relatively late age of onset. These characteristics suggest that vascular changes are responsible for the production ofdementia symptoms in AD type II (Blenow et al. , 1994). Markers Markers Reflecting Brain Changes Markers which belong to this category utilize cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) changes to reflect alteredneurotransmitter levels or abnormal proteins (Katzman et al. , 1988). The enzyme Acetylcholinesterase(which regulates the neurotransmitter Achetylocholine, see treatment) is known to be decreased in thecerebral cortex of demented patients. Several investigators have found it decreased in the CSF, while othershave failed to confirm this. According to Thal (1985) the apparentdecrease in some studies may be a dilutional effect secondary to ventricular enlargement. SimilarlySomatosatin and Norepinephrine are also reduced in the cerebral cortex of demented patients. However, inthe CSF Somatosatin is only decreased in some patients, whereas Norepinephrine is actually increased in theCSF. A good area for future research is to investigate whether any of the abnormal proteins associated withAD can be found in the CSF (Katzman et al. , 1988).Peripheral Markers Peripheral markers are markers which reflect changes in the skin or blood cells (Katzman et al. , 1988). Most of the findings in this category are either inconclusive or have not been replicated. For instanceDiamond et al. (1983) have found that the sodium-lithium counter- transport rates in red blood cells were elevated in AD patients, but this finding has not been replicated. Olfactory deficit Markers Several investigators have found that AD patients have olfactory recognition and threshold deficits.Peabody and Tinklenberg (1985) have found that 8 out of 18 AD patientshad these deficits compared to only 1 out of 26 normals. Katzman et al. (1988) discuss increased carbondioxide production, increased superoxide dismutase, and decreased calcium uptake as possible causes forthese deficits in AD patients.Pharmacological TreatmentCholinergic Drugs There is no known cure for AD or many other dementing diseases. Several medications are available but their effectiveness is limited. The most promising group of drugs work by potentiating the cholinergicsystems in the brain. During the 1970s several studies have shown that demented patients have low levels of the neurotransmitter Acetylocholine (ACh). This has led to the development of the cholinergic hypothesisfor dementia. It has since been established that the enzyme from which ACh is synthesized, CholineAcetyltransfearse (ChAT), is severely decreased in AD patients.There are three mechanisms by which these drugs work (1) precursor loading , (2) preventing thebreakdown of ACh , and (3) the direct stimulation of the postsynaptic receptors. Precursor loading in AD is similar to Parkinsons disease (PD). The difference is that instead of using the precursor L-dopa for dopamine in PD, the precursors choline and lecithin are used in AD to synthesize ACh. Generally this treatment when used alone fails to improve cognitive performance (Schneider, 1994). Preventing the breakdown of ACh involves inhibiting the enzyme Acetylocholinesterase (AChE). Theprincipal drugs which utilize this mechanism are Physostigmine, Tacrine, and Valancrine. The problem with Physostigmine is that the duration of its therapeutic effect is very short, usually about one to two hours,whereas Tacrine and Valancrine have serious side effects (Schneider, 1994). A second generation ofcholinesterase inhibitors which are longer acting and more selective are currently being developed, and the initial results are encouraging. In AD the postsynaptic M-1 cholinergic receptors are relatively intact. It is the presynaptic M-2cholinergic receptors which regulate ACh release that are damaged. Therefore, it makes sense to try todirectly stimulate the postsynaptic receptors (Schneider, 1994). These cholinergic agonists includeBethanechol, Oxotremorine, Pilocrapine, RS-86, and Arecholine. When these drugs are given orally theyare not very effective. They are more effective when administered through an implant of anintracereroventricular pump. But the risks of such an implant are not insignificant. For instance in one trialout of 68 implants 16 resulted in surgical complications, including one death, two hemorrhages, and sevenseizures (Schneider, 1994). Other Drugs There are several other drugs used in the treatment of dementia, although their therapeutic mechanismsare not understood very well. Hydergine is the longest used and most extensively studied antidementia drug.Hydergine is an ergoloid derivative which effects the alpha-adrenergic, dopaminergic, and sertoninergicreceptors. There have been conflicting reports about its efficacy, but overall it seems that it is only slightlybetter than a placebo in relieving symptoms (Schneider, 1994).Nootropics are a group of drugs derived from the neurotransmitter GABA. But instead of having GABAeffects they have a neuroprotective effect on the central nervous system, and they may stimulate centralcholinergic activity. Still, the specific mechanism of action relevant for dementia has not been established for these drugs. Overall results with Nootropics such as Piracetam, and Oxiracetam have not been veryencouraging (Schneider, 1994). Summary As the human race marches forward into the new millennia, one of the challenges that will remained to be solved is the dementia epidemic. The continuous increase in life span means that the number of peoplewhich are afflicted with dementia will continue to grow. Notwithstanding, we have come along way in ourunderstanding of the dementia syndrome since the days of Pinel or even since the days of Alzheimer. We now know that dementia (senility) is not the natural outcome of aging, rather it is the result of a varietyof possible abnormal brain processes. For instance in AD (the most important dementing disease) theformation of SP and NFT in the brain have been proven to be the main causal factors of the disease. Furthermore, in AD these processes have been shown to occur mainly in the cerebral cortex, and inparticularly in the temporal lobes.The effects of these brain lesions are mainly manifested in various cognitive and behavioral impairments.With regards to cognition, memory and language dysfunction are the most commonly encountered deficits in AD. In fact memory impairment is so crucial, that a diagnosis of AD will almost never be made unless it is present. With respect to behavior, anxiety disturbances tend to predominate in the earlier stages of AD,whereas aggression is encountered in the latter stages.Significant progress has also been made in the assessment of dementia. Standard interviewing methods are now used alongside brief mental status examinations. Although the mental status exams have a limited diagnostic usefulness (they are only used as initial screening devices), they are nevertheless importantbecause of their relative low cost and quick administration time. When further confirmation is required or more detail is desired neuropsychological testing is performed. Neuropsychological testing allows for the assessment of specific cognitive functions (i.e. memory, language, attention) thus discovering which brain areas are affected. This is useful because not only is it possible to judge if the person suffers from dementia, but with a high degree of accuracy it is possible to say which dementing disease is responsible.Notwithstanding, even the best neuropsychological tests may run into difficulties at times. For instance differentiating dementia from depression is extremely difficult since people who are depressed may display many of the clinical symptoms observed in dementia.As our understanding of dementia grows it is conceivable that an effective treatment will be found within the next century. Genetically several important breakthroughs have occurred recently in AD.Abnormalities in chromosomes 14 and 19 have been added to chromosome 21 as causal factors.Furthermore, investigators are now close to localizing the specific genes involved in these chromosomes (it is already known that in chromosome 21 the specific gene involved is the APP gene). With regards to pharmacological treatment the ACh hypothesis for dementia has led to the development of three groups of cholinergic drugs, some of which show great promise. Other drugs are also available but theireffectiveness is questionable.References Beach, Thomas G. (1987). The history of Alzheimers Disease: three debates. Journal of the History ofMedicine and Allied Sciences, 42, 327-349. Blenow, Kaj, Wallin, Anders ; Gottries, Carl-Gerhard. (1994). Clinical subgroups of AlzheimersDisease. In V. Olga, B. Emory and Thomas E. Oxman (Eds. ), Dementia: Presentations, DifferentialDiagnosis, and Nosology. Baltimore: The John Hopkins University Press. Carson, Robert C and Butcher, James N (1992). Abnormal psychology and modern life. New York:Harper Collins publishers Clarfield, A. Mark. (1989). Canadian consensus conference of the assessment of dementia. Montreal:the Canadian Consensus Conference on the Assessment of Dementia. Cummings, Jeffery L. (1988). Dementia of the Alzheimer type: challenges and definition and clinicaldiagnosis. In Harry A. Whitaker (Ed.), Neuropsychological studies of nonfocal brain damage. NewYork: Springer-Verlag New York Inc. Derix, Mayke M.A. (1994). Neuropsychological differentiation of dementia syndromes. Amsterdam:Swets Zeitlinger B.V., Lisse. Graves, Amy B. and Kukull, Walter A. (1994). The epidemiology of dementia. In John C. Morris (Ed.),Handbook of dementing illnesses. New York: Marcel Dekker Inc. Hart, Siobhan and Semple, James M (1990). Neuropsychology and the dementias. London: Taylor Francis Ltd. Katzman, Robert, Lasker, Bruce and Bernstein, Nancy. (1988) Advances in the diagnosis of dementia:accuracy of diagnosis and consequences of misdiagnosis of disorders causing dementia. In Robert D.Terry (Ed.), Aging and the brain. New York: Raven Press. Lezak, Muriel Deutsch. (1995). Neuropsychological assessment (Third edition). New York: OxfordUniversity Press. Mahendra, B. (1984). Dementia a survey of the syndrome of dementia. Lancaster: MTP Press Limited. Marco, L.A. (1995). Alzheimers dementia and related disorders: genetic and molecular pathology. InManfred Bergner and Sanford I. Finkel (Eds.), Treating Alzheimers and other dementias. New York:Springer Publishing. Mirra, Suzanne S., Gearing, Marla. (1994). The neuropathology of dementia. In John C. Morris (Ed.),Handbook of dementing illnesses. New York: Marcel Dekker Inc. Morris, John C. (1994). Evaluation of the demented patient. In John C. Morris (Ed.), Handbook ofdementing illnesses. New York: Marcel Dekker Inc. Plum, Fred. (1987). Dementia. In George Adelman (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Neuroscience (Volume 1). Boston: Birkhauser. Schmitt, Frederick A. and Sano, Mary C. (1994). Neuropsychological approaches to the study ofdementia. In John C. Morris (Ed.), Handbook of dementing illnesses. New York: Marcel Dekker Inc. Schneider, Lon S. (1994). Experimental pharmacotherapy of primary symptoms of dementia. In John C.Morris (Ed.), Handbook of dementing illnesses. New York: Marcel Dekker Inc.

Sample Chapter free essay sample

Advertising communicates and influences people. It encourages, persuades and manipulates the viewers, readers and listeners or even groups. It drives the behavior of consumers’ tastes and desires in choosing particular product and services. We will write a custom essay sample on Sample Chapter or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Advertising happens in many different ways. But most of the products were advertised on television because of its various senses being practiced. And in that matter the audience will be able to learn and inform more easily. Advertisers use many different techniques to get people to notice there adverts. Some advertisements used the popularity of a person, for example, they tend to hire artist for endorsing products so that viewers will easily fall to grab the said product. Television advertisement has a great impact when it comes to decision making and lifestyle of the students of the University of Batangas. They really choose the product that is fit and acceptable to their taste. Sometimes patronizing and endorsing can also change their choices of product and services. Some students tend to buy the product being patronize for them to recognize the group and strengthen the sense of belongingness. These observations are based on the survey conducted to undertake the present study. Every individual is easily attracted to those colorful advertisements on TV showcasing their products, companies, etc. , trying to capture viewers and infecting their minds into buying their product and services. It gives familiarity to an individual and it provides information about the product and services they can offer with their own advertising strategies into selling to the market. People are usually led astray by these advertisements forcing them to purchase wants which are not very necessary. In this study, the researchers have focused on shampoo advertising. They use celebrities to fuel aspirations among potential users and would simply start with graphic portrayals of shiny lustrous hair with the brands catchline which is used to emphasize the look and health of hair due to the nourishing action of Pro V. The stress, as always, was on the product and the crucial â€Å"moment of confirmation†, where the visuals show damaged hair being rendered healthy and shiny through shampoo usage. Advertising that is creatively executed helps the brand to break the clutter and build strong impact in the target market. It is very obvious that the products under competition have similar function and benefits but it should still have differences which can give the consumer a satisfaction and an aid to stay and buy the product. And they have different ways how their product will communicate to the public. Selected shampoo advertisements such as Pantene, Palmolive, Sunsilk and Rejoice are the main attention of this study since these are the brands mostly aired on television. The researchers have come up with the study because they believe that shampoo advertisements should be given consideration since it really brings an intensive impact to the society. Theoretical Framework The re-conceptualizing of the audience is clearly articulated in uses and gratifications theory. This study is anchored on the uses and gratification theory of Katz, E (1959) that deals with the effect of people on the media. The theory describes mass communication, as it provides an approach that is audience-centered. It deals with how and why people adopt specific media to satisfy their needs. The theory places more focus on consumer, or audience, instead of the actual message itself by asking â€Å"what people do with media† rather than â€Å"what media does to people. † It assumes that members of the audience are not passive but take an active role in interpreting and integrating media into their own lives. The theory also holds that audience is responsible for choosing media to meet their needs. The approach suggests that people use the media to fulfill specific gratifications. This theory would then imply that the media compete against other information sources for viewers’ gratification. For example, television advertise a particular product the viewer/s consumer will have an idea about it and the tendency to buy and the quality of advertisement will excel by the means of how percent of people patronize the products. . In this theory states the benefits of one to another. Statement of the Problem This research aimed to assess the implications of selected shampoo advertisements on the buying behavior of AB students of the University of Batangas. Specifically, the research sought to answer the following questions: 1. What is the profile of the respondents in terms of following: 1. 1. age; 1. 2. course; 1. 3. year level; and 2. What are the shampoo brands bought by the respondents? 3. How often do the respondents buy the shampoo brands? 4. How often are the respondents exposed to television shampoo commercials? 5. To what extent do the shampoo advertisements affect the respondents’ buying behaviour? Significance of the Study Today, a large number teenagers and student with various group, gender, educational level are seeing advertisement on various television medium and on habits, living has a broader impact. Thus, the researcher believed that after this study the student will be able to; a. Recognize how television advertisement affects their social interaction with their group, b. Educate and gain deeper understanding of advertising consequences and effects, c. Know the relevance of advertising in shaping the society To the future researcher – the result of this study would provide them the relevant information needed in accomplishing future studies and concerns. Scope, Limitation and Delimitation of the Study This study encompasses the entire range implications of selected shampoo advertisements on the buying behavior of Female AB students of the University of Batangas, AY 2013-2014. It also focuses on identifying the profile of the respondents as regard to their age, gender, course, year level and monthly family income; the shampoo brands commonly bought by the respondents; how frequent the respondents buy shampoo; how often are the respondents exposed to television shampoo commercials; and the extent of shampoo commercials that affect the respondents’ buying behavior as consumers in terms of brand’s popularity, endorser’s influence, price of the shampoo brand, package design of the shampoo brand, message presented by the advertisement, advertisement’s creative execution and presence of values, attitudes, and lifestyles of the audience. This research study consisted of 126 respondents from AB students of the University of Batangas. It intended to evaluate and scrutinize the results of the respondents from the items raised in the researcher-made questionnaire. This study is limited to the response of the viewers on shampoo advertisements and its involvement to the respondents. On the other hand, the researchers did not incorporate the other television advertisement, but rather concentrated or focused on shampoo advertisements. It did not also include the technical aspects of advertising in its broad meaning. Definition of Terms To ensure better understanding of the study, the following terms were defined according to their textual and optional meaning; Advertisement – This pertains to something (such as a short film or a written notice) that is shown or presented to the public to help sell a product or to make an announcement. Attitude – This refers to a learned tendency to behave in a consistently favorable or unfavorable manner with respect to a given object, idea, person, or situation. Buying behavior – (also known as consumer behavior) is the process involved when individuals or groups select, purchase, use, or dispose of products or services, ideas, or experiences to satisfy needs and wants. Brand – This refers to the name, term, design, symbol, or any other feature that identifies one sellers product distinct from those of other sellers. Consumers – This is a person or group of people, such as a household, who are the final users of products or services. The consumers use is final in the sense that the product is usually not improved by the use Creative execution – This refers to the manner in which an advertising appeal is carried out or presented. A particular advertising appeal can be executed in a variety of ways and a particular means of execution can be applied to a variety of advertising appeals. Endorser – This is a person who may or may not be users of a particular product or service that may lend their names to advertisements for such products or services for a fee. Lifestyles – This pertains to the non-demographic characteristics of people when describing their behavior, such as recreational habits. Value – These are shared beliefs among group members as to what behaviors are desirable and non-desirable. Television – TV, the abbreviation for television is a telecommunication device used to transmit moving visual media. It became popular in the mid-twentieth century as a medium for entertainment. â€Å"TV† may also refer to the physical device. Televisions are used to view various subscription based programming, movies (via an additional media player), and recent models can also be used as computer monitors. Television advertisement – This refers to the use of commercial advertisements as a means of promoting a companys products or services through the television. It can be done on cable TV, national TV or the local stations. The concept behind it is to bring advertising commercials, production and campaigns to TV viewers in between their favourite programs as this is set to get their attention. Successful TV advertising is witty, thoughtful short and straight to the point.

Structure of BRCA1 Essay Example

Structure of BRCA1 Essay Example Structure of BRCA1 Essay Structure of BRCA1 Essay As discussed antecedently, BRCA1 is located on chromosome 17q21. It is found present in a batch of tissues such as the Thymus and the testicle. The cistron spreads over 100 kilobits of genomic DNA. The cistron is made up of 224 coding DNAs and 22 coding DNAs encode 7.8 kilobit of messenger RNA. A protein composed of 1863 is encoded by the reading frame. Towards the NH end point, there is a sequence called the RING finger that resembles a Zn finger and it contains Cysteine and Histidine residues in the form Cys 3 – His – Cys 4. The Ring finger can be found in proto onco-proteins, viral proteins and regulative and written text factors. ( X. Yang et Al, 1999 ) . The Ring motive is of import for protein – protein interactions. It interacts with the BARD1 protein ( BRCA1 – associated RING – domain protein ) , the BAP1 ubiquitin hyrolase protein ( BRCA1 – associated protein ) . It besides binds RAD51, a protein involved in DNA recombination and fix . The nature of the interaction between RAD51 and BRCA1 is still unknown. It besides binds to transcriptional regulators for illustrations P53, Myc, and E2F proteins. ( X. Yang et Al, 1999 ) . Proteins such as MYC, RB, ZBRK and p53 bind BRCA1 in a part that includes the atomic localisation signals ( NLS ) . ZBRK is a Zn finger protein that represses written text through its interactions with GADD45. The Deoxyribonucleic acid adhering sphere is involved the DNA fix maps of BRCA1 and is mediated partially by proteins that make up the BASC ( BRCA1 – associated surveillance composite ) . Bunchs of Serine and Threonine sequences, known as SQ – bunch Domains ( SCD ) are the preferable sites of ATP phosphorylation. The BRCT spheres, found at the carboxyl end point of BRCA1, are involved in DNA fix tracts and are the adhering sites of proteins such as p300, BACH1, Histone Deacatylases ( HDAC ) 1 and 2, RNA polymerase, carboxyl – terminus – adhering – prote in interacting protein ( CtIP ) , RB and p53. RNA polymerase II holoenzyme binds to the carboxyl terminal sphere every bit good as the amino terminus sphere organizing a BARD1 – BRCA1 composite. BRCA2 binds to the BRCT spheres and every bit good as RAD51 and BRCA1 are co localized into the bomber – atomic focal point ( S. Narod et Al, 2004 ) . BRCA1 map is brought approximately by the proteins it interacts with ( BIPs – BRCA1 interacting proteins ) ( C. Deng et Al, 2001 ) . BRCA2 is found on Chromosome 13q12 – 13. It is composed of 27 coding DNAs spread over 70 kilobits of genomic DNA. It is larger than BRCA1 and is composed of 3416 aminic acids but unlike BRCA2, it merely has 2 functional spheres. The BRC repetitions are involved in DNA fix and interact with RAD51. DSS1 is a little acidic protein that regulates BRCA2 s Deoxyribonucleic acid activity as its a carbon monoxide factor and it binds to the carboxyl terminal sphere of which the NLS is included ( S. Narod et Al, 2004 ) . The cistron encodes a 10 – 12 kilobit transcript that is present in placenta and normal chest epithelial cells. Function DNA Repair Both BRCA1 and BRCA2 have a similar map when it comes to DNA fix and have a cardinal function in the care of chromosomal stability.BRCA1 associates with RAD51 to organize a bunch in the karyon. As antecedently stated, RAD51 is a protein involved in double stranded DNA fix in procaryotic and eucaryotic cells by advancing joint molecule formation and maroon exchange between homologous duplex Deoxyribonucleic acid. It besides forms the synaptonemal composites during meiotic homologous recombination and both BRCA1 and BRCA2 partcipate in these procedures ( A Borg. 2001 ) . When Deoxyribonucleic acid is damaged, BRCA1 and RAD51 are recruited to the harm site and BRCA1 undergoes phosphorylation at Threonine and Serine residues by Atr ( Atm related kinase ) and Atm. The particulars of this reaction are still unknown. BRCA2 nevertheless interacts straight with RAD51 through 6 of the 8 BRC repetitions by organizing a complex with RAD51 keeping it inactive so in the absence of BRCA2 there is n o RAD51 when DNA is damaged ( S. Narod et Al, 2004 ) . From experimental grounds, it has been found that when cells are exposed to ionizing radiation, BRCA1, BRCA2 and RAD51 fix of dual stranded interruptions by originating homologous recombination whereas cells with mutated versions of BRCA1 and BRCA2 are allergic to ionising radiation and are prone to frequent mistakes during fix. These cells are allergic to agents that cross link DNA or originate interruptions in Deoxyribonucleic acid and these interruptions are repaired by mechanisms that are prone to error such as non – homologous terminal fall ining These cells are besides prone to mistakes that lead to chromosomal rearrangements which have been shown to be a important characteristic of carcinogenesis. Levels of BRCA1, BRCA2 and RAD51 addition as cells enter the S stage of reproduction demoing that they are involved either after or before DNA reproduction. It has besides been discovered that BRCA1 is implicated in nucleotide deletion fix by two different mechanisms. The first mechanism is transcription twosome fix where the strand being transcribed is preferentially repaired and the 2nd mechanism is planetary genome fix where no strand prejudice is shown ( S. Narod et Al, 2004 ) . UBIQUITYLATION Proteins that are involved in ubiquitylation normally have a RING – finger motive and both BRCA1 and its interacting protein BARD have this motive at the amino end point. It has been shown that the BRCA1 – BARD complex maps in ubiquitylation. Ubiquitylation is the procedure where proteins are marked for debasement by the proteosome by the add-on of ubiquitin proteins. Recent grounds has indicated the ubiquitylation mediated by BRCA1 is in response to emphasize during reproduction, associating its map to its response when Deoxyribonucleic acid is damaged ( S. Narod et Al, 2004 ) . CHROMATIN REMODELLING Chromatin remodelling normally occurs in response to duplicate isolated DNA interruptions and is thought to ease DNA fix. Complexes similar BASC every bit good as the composite that involves the SW1 and SNF proteins that are involved in chromatin remodelling are involved in this procedure and BRCA1 is a portion of both composites. BRCA1 straight interacts with the SW1 – SNF complex indicating that these proteins function jointly at sites of DNA harm and are involved in chromatin remodelling in these countries. This interaction causes the activation of cistrons such as KU70 and GADD25 that are normally implicated in response to DNA harm. The importance of the function of BRCA1 in chromatin is farther demonstrated by the fact that non merely does it work as a histone deacytylase, but it besides interacts with proteins such as BACH1 that are involved in chromatin remodelling. BRCA2 is besides implicated in the engagement in DNA fix as a protein it interacts with, EMPSY, is involv ed in DNA fix ( S. Narod et Al, 2004 ) . CHECKPOINT CONTROL BRCA1 can be as portion of the BRCA1 – associated genome – surveillance composite ( BASC ) that is involved in checkpoint control. The composite is made up of proteins such as NBSI ( Nijimegan breakage syndrome 1 ) , the RAd50 – MRE11 composite, ATM ( ataxia telangiectasia mutated ) , the MLH1 – PMS1 and MSH2 – MSH6 composites, the BLM protein and DNA reproduction factor C. The RAD50 – MRE11 composite has exonuclease activity and ATM maps upstream of BRCA1 in the dual strand interruption fix tract. BTRCT motives are a common characteristic of proteins involved in DNA fix and cell rhythm checkpoints and as seen above, this is a construction found in BRCA1 ( S. Narod et Al, 2004 ) . TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION

Probes and Probabilities

Probes and Probabilities Probes and Probabilities Probes and Probabilities By Mark Nichol The Latin noun probus, meaning â€Å"virtuous† or â€Å"worthy,† is the ultimate source of probe and probability and their variants, which are listed and defined in this post. The verb probe is from the Latin word probare, derived from probus and meaning â€Å"demonstrate† or â€Å"test,† and means â€Å"examine† or â€Å"search.† The noun form, also probe, describes an investigation or search or a device for carrying out either type of procedure. A proband, meanwhile, is the first subject to be examined in a medical study to investigate, for example, a genetic disorder. Probate refers, as a noun or a verb, to validation of a will, and probation is study of a person to determine his or her fitness for a position or for rehabilitation after committing a crime, or the period during which the study occurs. (Adjectival forms are probational and probationary, and the adverbial form is probationally.) The probationer, the person under probation, seeks to demonstrate probity; that word, directly derived from probus, means â€Å"virtue.† The adjective probative means â€Å"exploratory† or â€Å"substantiating† and, in legal contexts, â€Å"relating to proof† or â€Å"tending to prove.† A reprobate is a person who demonstrates a lack of virtue. This term’s force has become diluted; it is now usually employed in a humorous sense as a synonym for rascal, but in the 1800s, it described a morally depraved person, and earlier, the connotation was of condemnation or damnation. As a verb, reprobate means â€Å"condemn,† â€Å"damn,† or â€Å"reject,† and it also serves as an adjective. Probable and its permutations are also descended from probare. Probable and probably derive from the Latin word probabilis, meaning â€Å"acceptable† or â€Å"provable,† and are synonyms for the adjectival and adverbial forms of likely, while the quality of being probable- as well as the mathematical concept of likelihood- is probability. (The antonyms for these words are formed by attaching the prefix im-.) In addition, the adjective probabilistic applies to philosophical and scientific concepts pertaining, respectively, to competing options and to the supposed invalidity of certainty. A subsequent post will detail the cognates proof and prove and other members of the probus family that deviate from the ancestral spelling. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:What is the Difference Between "These" and "Those"?How Long Should a Paragraph Be?10 Terms for the Common People

Introduction to European Studies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Introduction to European Studies - Essay Example (Mukherjee, 22) But it should be remembered that the idea of Europe, as we know it today, was still in its infancy dealing in ideologies and fundamentals that are not much different from the rest of the known and civilized world. As late as the beginning of the 1700 AD there were still the practice of feudalism in one form or another, there were states that used bonded labours and encouraged slavery, woman rights were not known and structural academic movements were still at bay. This society needed a thrust to start off. And that thrust was inspired from a political movement in England. The Act of Union was passed in British Council whereby four states, England, Ireland, Scotland and Welsh came together to form a political union know as United Kingdom of Great Britain. Subsequent Act of Union was passed in 1707 and 1800 and this was the point of a growing concept which ultimately is on its way towards a unified European Union in the 21st Century. The perception of a common fiscal policy has been granted by most of the states of Europe and Union of European could be within striking distance. However, this modern concept of unification of states is a step towards a better and mutually prosperous situation but at the same time it should be kept in mind the development of Europe as a concept or idea started with other variables too. (Mukherjee, 81) The concept of Europe as a unified cultural sect started along the path of the 1700s and the basic idea of Europe is that unified perception of thought process bounded by cultural, social, religious and political homogeneousness. There are other variables to develop this homogeneousness of states in Europe whereby the idea could be put forward. Religion One such variable is the growth of Christianity as a binding force. It is obvious that religion played an enormous part as the determining factor of conceptualising the unified idea of Europe. The Eight Crusades were just a beginning of this bonding. Though Christianity has changed face along with time and space and at present there are three major distributaries of the religion viz. Roman Catholic, Protestant and Greek Orthodox it cannot be denied that Christ as a Prophet, despite being Semitic by anthropological diversity, it should be noted and the fact that should indulged in this conception, influenced all the tribes of Europe be it Nordic, Alpine or Caucasian. Although, no one can ignore that during the inquisition period this religion did enough to set back the clock for Europe, at least scientifically. But this same inquisition period can be put forward to ensure the bondage that that spread across Europe with the substantial feel of brotherhood. Political Apart from the Act of Union in Great Britain there came another exemplary act that forced all Europe to reconsider their usual concept of life and perception of politics all at the same time all over Europe. This was the French revolution of the late 18th Century. On 20 September 1792 the National Convention abolished the monarchy and declared France a republic. Due to the emergency of war the National Convention created the Committee of Public Safety, controlled by the Jacobin Robespierre, to act as the country's executive. Under

Things I've Learned About Photography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Things I've Learned About Photography - Essay Example When looking at a scene, everything in it may seem more or less sharp, though sometimes in the final shot only a part of the image appears notably sharp. The zone of sharpness is referred to as the depth-of-field. The smaller the size of the aperture, the wider the depth-of-field. Very small apertures may require using a tripod to reduce the camera shake resulting from long shutter speeds. However, if the concentration is on one part, a large aperture should be selected depending on the maximum aperture of the camera lens in use. For general shooting medium aperture is appropriate. Shutter speed refers to the measurement of that time when the shutter is open. The measurement is in seconds and sometimes fractions of a second. If the speed of the shutter is faster, the time taken by the image sensor to be exposed to light is shorter. If the speed is slower, the time taken by the image sensor to get exposed to light is longer. Photographing subject that are in motion, results in different image effects at various shutter speeds. Fast shutter speeds may â€Å"freeze† motion .Slow shutter speeds cause blur. The blurry effect is due to: camera movement and subject movement. This means that it is easier to photograph the subject without causing a blur or a â€Å"freeze† motion with fast shutter speeds. Contrast to this, slower shutter speeds are matched to suggesting the motion, like that of moving subjects or flowing water. Changes in the shutter speed give the photographer control over motion. The shutter speed regulates light and motion. Shutter spee ds that are slow let in more light creating a lighter and blurry image. Faster shutter speeds let in less light creating a darker and sharper image. To adjust the shutter speeds, one needs to switch the camera either to shutter priority or to the manual mode. ISO sensitivity refers to the measure of a camera’s capability to capture light. The

Im the King of the Castle Essay Example for Free

Im the King of the Castle Essay (i) With close reference to the passage, give evidence to show how Hooper knew that locking Kingshaw in the Red Room would scare him. From the beginning of this chapter three, we have already been exposed to the fears of the despondent young boy Kingshaw. In this passage, Hooper welcomed the supposed to be honoured Kingshaw into the Red Room. When the door was opened wide for Kingshaw, he stepped a little into the room and then he stopped. While Hooper was standing beside the doors, the keys in his hand. With a tuck from Hoopers challenge to go on into the room and look around, Kingshaw stiffened and moved slowly towards the first of the glass cases and then drew in his breath sharply. Hooper was watching him intently waiting for the next chance to attack his prey. Kingshaw also gave his fear away when he stuttered upon asking, whowhere did they come from? while trying to act interested about the dead moths in that dark and dreary room. The despots wit took him nearer to his opportunity. He offered the small key to open one of the cases so that Kingshaw could touch them but Kingshaw was very overwhelmed by his fear that he replied Hooper with a straight No. four times. That only led himself deeper into the tyrants trap. Not only did Kingshaws answers betrayed himself, he also started moving backwards and only wanted to get out of the room. This incident in the room only brought Hooper to confirm his suspicion of Kingshaw having a fear for dead things. Hooper was first given an impression with his first attempt of scaring Kingshaw upon his first meeting with him. The young tyrant lied to the vulnerable Kingshaw about his grandfather dying in the room and on the bed that Kingshaw was about to use. At that time, the young boy was oblivious towards Hoopers tormenting words. Yet, his reaction said a lot about his inner being. Kingshaw upon knowing of the past of his new bedroom only went to the suitcase and squatted down. It was very obvious to Hooper that he was trying to act as if the fact that someone died in his room did not scare him at all. At ten years old, any young boy would have protested for another room and demand a confirmation from an adult but Kingshaw just kept mum. Hooper put Kingshaw to another test of a dead creature again after watching the boy being attacked by the life crow. He confronted Kingshaw about his fear You were scared. You were running away. The helpless Kingshaw then got reminded of his encounter with the scarlet red mouth of the carrion crow and was very agitated when he asked Hooper to Shut up, shut up. Kingshaw obviously didnt want to recall that terrifying incident again. However, the scheming Hooper placed a stuffed crow on Kingshaws bed at night. As Kingshaw was already very afraid of his room, as he believed Hoopers lie that his grandfather died in his bed, Hooper wanted to use the stuffed crow to make the terror of the attack of that crow return. Also, considering Hoopers devious mind, I believe he also placed the stuffed crow on Kingshaws bed in the night also to create an impression on him that it could be Hoopers dead grandfather. When Kingshaw saw the stuffed crow on his bed the next morning, he knew for sure that Hooper was behind it. He also developed a fear towards Hooper from this as he realized that that tyrant was capable of anything to scare him even more. Yet, Kingshaw was so afraid to put himself to shame if he ever did cry out for help as he remembered his father was laughing at him about his childhood fear of drowning. Kingshaw also knew that Hooper was waiting for him to scream and yell thus he decided to consume his fear so that he could get the overhand over this psychological battle against Hooper. Hence, we can see very clearly that Hooper did very careful planning and made specific interpretations about Kingshaws fear of dead things and yearns for the stronghold against Kingshaw and his emotions. Thus upon confirming Kingshaws fear, Hooper moves on to locking him in the Red Room with the dead moths and other stuffed animals with very dark surroundings enhanced by the rain and grey skies outside that creates a threatening mood in Kingshaw. (ii) Describe one other incident where Hooper preys on Kingshaws fears and discuss the effect of that incident on Kingshaw. Write with reference till where we stopped Chapter 6. One other incident apart from that of locking Kingshaw in the Red Room on that rainy night, I believe very strongly that the stuffed crow created a very deep threat in Kingshaws life in Warings and he was bent on running away from his greatest fear right now Edmund Hooper. Kingshaw was exceptionally traumatized from his attack of the living crow. It was like Hooper aggressive, territorial and left no space for him to escape. The crow caused him to scream in a queer, gasping sort of way which shows us how terrified of the crow Kingshaw was. The crow seemed to have a craving to hurt him and Kingshaw was left totally helpless and almost unable to make a sound because of his terror and shock. The vicious attack of that crow showed how trapped and isolated Kingshaw was in Warings. Hence when Hooper exploits Kingshaws fear of the crow and dead things, Kingshaw started to have a fear for Hooper grow in him. Especially when he realizes that Hooper used the stuffed crow to terrorise him and also to hint to him about himself being kept under close observation and can be defeated anytime by a click of Hoopers fingers. Although the living crow attacked Kingshaw physically, he knew very clearly that the stuffed crow was to attack him psychologically and that Hooper has had seen through his brave front. Kingshaw tried very hard to battle the fear inside him so that Hooper would not win him. However, after being locked inside the Red Room with all the dead animals, Kingshaw yearns for somewhere he can hide away from Hoopers supervision. He hates Hooper now. Kingshaw did find a room of his own, his personal space in Warings somewhere that Hooper does not hold control of. It was a small room that seemed never to have had any particular function of its own. Although the room was small, Kingshaw was not afraid of it. The author was trying to tell us that the claustrophia was towards being locked up and not of minimal spaces. Kingshaw was actually fine with the idea about locking himself in that room full of antique dolls as a way of defending himself against Hooper. He only panics when somebody else locks him in a room, against his own will. His secret room was a very little room compared to Hoopers confident Red Room. This tells a lot of Kingshaws insecurity and his sensitive and gentle character as the room was filled with a collection of female dolls. However, Kingshaws temporary sanctuary was not occupied for long, Hooper found his hiding place. His freedom was short-lived.

Analysis of Two In The Campagna by Robert Browning Essay -- Robert Bro

Analysis of "Two In The Campagna" by Robert Browning "Two In The Campagna" is essentially a love poem, written by Browning to capture the tragic and dark aspects of a relationship. The poem commences with romantic images of the couple sitting in the fields of Rome in spring. The first line, starting with 'I wonder' sets the contemplative tone of the piece, and the poet follows one particular trail of thought for several stanzas. Clearly, the poet is trying to capture what cannot be easily confined; he is attempting to articulate a sentiment of fleeting love that perhaps can only be felt. Browning describes the thought floating away over the picturesque scenery: ?Help me to hold it! First it left The yellowing fennel, run to seed There, branching from the brickwork?s cleft?? The flowing lines and use of enjambment represent his thoughts spilling over, almost frolicking through the fields of Rome. This style of poetry is used by Browning regularly: for example in ?Love Among The Ruins? his thoughts flow over from one line to the next ? however the message of this poem is the opposite from ?Two In The Campagna?, as the former depicts the enduring power of passionate love, and the latter describes the natural diminution of feelings after the passionate climax of sex. The poem becomes increasingly vibrant and passionate as the couple evidently become sexually aroused together. In my opinion, the imagery of the beetles inside a flower is incredibly vivid and is one of my personal favourite images in all of Browning?s love poetry: ??Where one small orange cup amassed Five beetles,--blind and green they grope Among the honey-meal?? The images are abundantly fertile, with an intense evocation... ...uch illogically violent ways. However, it does capture the essence of jealousy, possessiveness and the yearning for eternal unity that many people do feel. Browning has evidently taken this to the extreme effectively, as it is his style to shock the reader. In conclusion, Browning uses many different techniques of conveying the complexities of human passion, and does this effectively from many points of view on love. However, it does seem that Browning usually has a slightly subdued, possibly even warped view of love and romance ? and this could be because his own love life was publicly perceived to be ultimately perfect but retrospectively it appears his marriage with Elizabeth Browning was full of doubt and possessiveness, as seen in ?Any Wife To Any Husband? which most critics believe to be based on the troubled relationship between the Browning?s.

Toyota Just in Time

Contents Particulars Page no. 1. 0) Introduction 2. 1) Company History 2. 2) Aim 2. 3) Objectives 2. 4) Organizational chart 2. 0) Problem Identification 3. ) Quantitative 2. 1. 1) Quality and design problem 2. 1. 2) Design problem 2. 1. 3) Welding problem 2. 1. 4) stalling problem 2. 2) Quantitative problem 2. 2. ) production problem 2. 2. 2) Recession problem 2. 2. 3) Accelerated problem 3. 0) operational concepts 3. 1) Quality 3. 2) ISO 9000/ISO 14000 3. 3) Just in time 3. ) Lean production 4. 0) Investigation 5. 0) analytical report 6. 0) conclusion 7. 0) references Summary: In the course of Operational management and Organization module, this assignment is about the Toyota Company, this one of the biggest automobile manufacture company.Here the author is discussing about the organization chart, aim of this assignment is that, quality of operational management that is useful in any business, and objectives are to investigate the problem identification and other operation al concepts like quality of the products from Toyota, its Just in time, Lean production policies and the ISO 9000/ISO14000 Certification, investigating the problems via drawing the Fishbone diagram, Questionnaires and analyzing the result with drawing the Pie charts. 1. 0 Introduction:In this assignment author is discussing about the quality within the organization area within a case study method. Here author considered as a case study. Toyota Company was founded by sakichi Toyoda with the name Toyoda spinning and weaving limited in 1918. In mid 1950’s it was introduced in the international market. Toyota is the largest automobile manufacturers in the world. Toyota sold 9 million models in 2006; this achievement is obtained by the companies aim toward the customer satisfaction. 1. 1 Company History: In 1937 Toyota motor company was established as a spin-off from Toyoda automatic room works.In 1947 Toyota launched its first small car after 3 years at the time of 1950’s it faced enormous financial crisis and also it experienced strike from the employees. In 1959 the Company launched first manufactured division in Brazil outside the Japan. (web1: http://www. breakeryard. com/cars/history/TOYOTA. aspx) Toyota shifted their head quarters to Hollywood in the year 1957, after a decade of time Toyota became the new established company in the United States. In the 1965 Toyota won â€Å"Deming Application prize for quality control†. ( web2: http://www. toyoland. com/history. tml ) In 1982 Toyota Motor Co. Ltd and Toyota Sales Co. Ltd are merged as Toyota Motor Corporation. 1989 Toyota started their manufacturing operations in Europe as well as in United Kingdom. Today Toyota is ranked world’s third place in the manufacturing of automotives in the sense of unit and net sales. ( web3: http://www2. toyota. co. jp/en/history/) 1. 2 Aim: In any company success in the operational management and organizations quality of products plays a major role. The main aim of this assignment in the quality of operational management that is useful in any business.Here author considered Toyota Company as an assignment. 1. 3 Objectives: The one of the main objective of the assignment to investigate the operational and organizational problems involved in the strategies that are appropriate to solve these problems and finally that evaluate the outcome of these strategies. In this assignment author discussing about the history of the company, organization chart, problems identification through the quantitative objectives that is machinery problems, qualitative subjective which are involves in the management processes.Next stage of the assignment is that, the way in which quality is applying in the organization, operational areas for the organizations like quality of the products from the Toyoto company, ISO 9000/ISO14000, detailed theory about the just in time and lean productions etc. 2. 0 Problem Identification: As the automobile industry Toy ota facing many problems to be discussed meanwhile these are the minute problems. These problems are crucial role customer satisfaction; on the other hand Toyota Company rectified these problems in time. 2. 1 Quantitative: 2. 1. Quality and design problems: Oil sludge problem: The engine excessive heat makes oil susceptible to sludge. Toyota Sienna XLE 2000 model car engine affected by the sludge problem. 2. 1. 2 Design Problem: The size of the cooling passages to cylinder heads in the Sienna XLE 2000 model to increase combination temperatures for more of a complete burn to reduce exhaust emissions. Excessive heat makes oil more susceptible to sludge the measurement cylinder head temperatures as high as 260 degrees in sienna XLE 2000 model this is 30 degrees higher than the earlier models. . 1. 3 Welding problem: Toyota introduced the redesigned Avalen in 2005, in this vehicle in U-Joint welding problem aroused due to the fault fitting of catalytic converters. The oil surrey leakage in aroused, for this problem Toyota correlate with an bags and the steering column on same Avalens. 2. 1. 4 Stalling problems: There is a stalling problems are involving in the Toyota corolla and Matrix models. The national highway traffic safety administration is investigated on 397,000 vehicles. There are some complaints about the mice of the new electronic control module. web: http://wheels. blogs. nytimes. com/2009/12/07/stalling-problems-on-toyota-corolla-and-matrixes-leads-to-investigation/) 2. 2 Qualitative Problems: Toyota Company solved their problem, creates future planning helps people with doing their works with A3 report. It describes the current situation of the problem, it identifies the desired outcome, and in this process problem solving is very transparent. (web: http://www. rallydev. com/agileblog/2009/07/learning-from-toyotas-secret-the-a3-report/) 2. 2. 1 Production problems:In recent years Toyota company introduced Prius Hybrid vehicle. The rapid growth and th e success of this car in market for this reason Toyota unable to produce the deliveries to the customers in the mean time sales of the other companies have been fall down. 2. 2. 2Recession problem: As many of the giant automobile industries Toyota faced the world recession with the huge fall in the sales as well as company growth. 2. 2. 3 Management failed to detect the acceleration problem: The sudden acceleration is likely due to the malfunctioning of the gas pedals.The sudden acceleration rose up to five times than the previous years. The Toyota failed to detect this problem in time, on the other hand they didn’t took the precautions and service to the customers. 3. 0 Operational concepts: 3. 1) Quality: According to Kodak ‘quality is those products and services that are received to meet or exceed the need and expectations of the customer at a cost that represents outstanding value’. (Harold Kerzner, P823, 2006). Kodak Five Quality Principle: Leadership and cu stomer FocusContinuous Improvement Analytical Approach Team work Founder of Toyota Corporation, Kichiro Toyoda said that â€Å"From now on I want everybody to their efforts together and write in finding a way to make superior vehicles†. To achieve the total quality, continuous improvement is the best principle. Toyota is following these types of strategies to maintain quality from this type of commitments real benefits can be obtained with the help of† independent customer surveys† we can conclude that Toyota is following the quality .Euro NCAP awarded five stars in the safety tests. For Toyota quality is not just a promise, it is a way of life. (web: http://www. toyotaegypt. com. eg/quality/index. asp ) In production of products, Toyota considering economically and standard quality a key fact which are exceeds the customer needs for customer satisfaction to Toyota allowing â€Å" Company wide quality control†, there employees must do two things they are th eir own job and quality assurance. (web: http://www. toyotauk. om/main/download/pdf/Our%20approach%20to%20quality. pdf) In Toyota, quality can be applying based upon the two principles; they are building quality at every stage and continually improving quality standards. Toyota is giving trying to the employees in visual control and indication of current status and identifying the problems, here Toyota employees are very much aware about the passing of un-quality products to the next stage. (web: http://www. toyotauk. com/main/how-we-manufacture/)Toyota maintaining quality by some strategies, they are, it encourages employees to participation of active roles in quality maintenance; it is utilizing the ideas of the employees in production processes and participating KAIZEN motivating for measurement. (web: http://www. toyotageorgetown. com/qualdex. asp) 3. 2 ISO 9000 and ISO 14000: This section provides the information of ISO’s, generally known as management system standards. ISO 9000 is the process of quality management this can be awarded to the organization if they fulfill the certain requirements. . Companies must achieve customers’ quality requirements. 2. They have to follow the regulatory requirements. 3. Companies have to fulfill the customer satisfaction. 4. Organizations have to be continuously improving their quality of products. ISO 14000 is known as â€Å"Environmental management† introduces to get the ISO 14000 certification, Companies must achieve the following activities. 1. They should minimize the environmental pollution by their activities. 2. To achieve continual improvement of its environmental performance. (web: http://www. iso. rg/iso/iso_catalogue/management_standards/iso_9000_iso_14000. htm) In 1991, Toyota (GB) achieved compliance with the quality standard BS 5750, which is later became ISO 9001. This is awarded for the fulfilling requirements for quality management System, this company achieved the regularity need s, it fulfills the customer satisfaction and Toyota Company is continuously improving their product performance. In 1999, because of their responsibility towards the environment, Toyota company awarded ISO 14001 certification for fulfilling the requirements for are manufactured ites. In 1999, new health and safety certificate OHSAS 18001 was also launched and Toyota achieved the requirements and it awarded OHSAS 18001. Entropy international is a kind of software solution that improves environmental, social and economic performance, there by contributing to global sustainability. Manager of the corporate compliance, Toyota plc, Richard burgers, said that† It was clear that rowing the entropy system was a significant contributory factor in our achieving triple certifications to ISO 9001, ISO 14001 and OHSAS 18001†. web: http://www. entropy-international. com/about/customers/by-corporate/documents/Toyota-Case-Study. pdf) 3. 3 Just in time: The meaning of just in time is to do the work different things to different people, it is the operational management approach for minimizing waste in operations, and this can be useful for the improvement of efficiency and product quality, practically just in time is the more than operational, tactical or strategic approach to running an operation. John R. Olson, 1999) The efficiency of Toyota, and other Japanese companies are follows Just in time procedure in addition they associates Toyota Quality Control(TQC) practice, in 1948 Toyota implemented JIT by Ono Taiichi. After fifteen years it spread all over the shops and plants and on words all Japanese implemented this procedure. ( Jane Marceau, 1992)Just in time production is a process, in which Toyota implement to having parts ready just as they are needed, instead of maintaining inventories across an assembly plants and in ware houses, this process is useful in cost savings by less capital from this company gains an inventory with this system, there is an one mor e advantage with this method, that is, from this company can increase their functionality or in other words, they can reduce cost, due to this they can complete their engineering works very quickly, since there is no need to clear the storage parts and troubles with the individual components can be investigate more quickly because they are using at the time of they made. (http://www. toyoland. com/toyota/production-system. html) 3. 4 Lean production: Toyota invented â€Å"Lean production† it is also known as the â€Å"Toyota Production System† or TPS).According to lean Enterprise Institute, lean production can be defined as â€Å"A business for organizing and managing product development, operations, suppliers, and customer relations that requires less human effort, less space, less capital and less time to make products with fever defects to practice customer desires, compared with the previous system†. Toyota lean production aim is to products, with the lowest cost, in the short period of time with eliminating the waste. Toyota mainly focuses on the duties and jobs of their workers, who are ready, add value to the cars, TPS is associated with other three foundations, just in time, built in quality and respect towards the employees. According to James Womack and Dan Jones there are five steps to achieve the lean thinking, they are 1) Specify value from the stand point of the end customer. 2) Identification of the value creating steps towards the customer. ) To create the value creating steps towards the customer. 4) Companies have to pull their customers from the next upstream activity. 5) At last following the above procedures companies can achieve the excellence. ( Robert Charlie,2005) 4. 0 Investigation: The Questionnaire prepared based on studying the management strategies of the Toyota organization. The quantitative and qualitative problems in the Toyota company are discussed with JIT, ISO, Lean production. Based these problems the a uthor prepared the questionnaire related to these topics. The questionnaire as follows 4. 1 Questionnaire: 1) Are you satisfied with the management strategies in the Toyota Company? Yes or No. ) In your opinion is Toyota reaching the customer expectations? a) Completely b) Satisfactory c) Partially d) No 3) Qualities of the manufacturing products are reaching the standards of ISO? Yes or NO. 4) Just in time method is very useful in the process of manufacturing. True or False. 5) In Toyota â€Å"Lean production† system is giving more advantages to the company. Yes or NO. 6) Toyota Company taking more cares about the customer health and safety precautions. Yes or NO. 7) Is recession effecting on the sales of the company products? Yes or No. 8) What are the customer service responses when giving complaints about the products? a) Excellent b) Good ) Satisfactory d) Poor 9) Service provided by the local Toyota store is good. Yes or No 10) In sum Toyota company products are reliabl e and trusted? Yes OR NO. 5. 0 Analysis of results: The Author prepared 10 questions for this survey he passed this questionnaire to 15 members in that 8 persons responded. By those results authos analysed their responces and he explained in the form of Pie charts. Question No: 1. Are you satisfied with the management strategies in the Toyota Company? Yes or No. This question addresses the management strategies towords the Toyota company development in the form of production quality marketing customer needs.By passing the questionnaires to 8 respondents for the survey in that 6 persons that is 75% said that they are satisfied with the company strategies, 25% of the participents said that they are unsatisfied with the management. Question 2: In your opinion is Toyota reaching the customer expectations? e) Completely f) Satisfactory g) Partially h) No This question addresses the Toyota company total customer satisfaction o the Toyota company. The total respondents for this survey is 8 members in that 6 members that is 75% of the respondents said that they are satisfied with Toyota product. 12. 5% respondents said that they are patially satisfied. Question 3: Qualities of the manufacturing products are reaching the standards of ISO? Yes or NO. This question addresses the quality standards of the Toyota company and it’s ISO certification.Out of the 8 respondents 6 members said that Toyota reched the ISO 9000 quality and 25% of the respondents said no for the ISO standars. Question 4: Just in time method is very useful in the process of manufacturing. True or False. Toyota Company introduced this JIT method all the members in the survey responded positively so the results will be 100% True. Question 5: In Toyota â€Å"Lean production† system is giving more advantages to the company. Yes or NO. Based on the survey the respondents out of 8 members 7 persons that is 87. 5% are said that lean production giving more advantages to the Toyota company and 12. 5% of respondents are gave their opinion they don’t.Question 6: Toyota Company taking more cares about the customer health and safety precautions. Yes or NO. The Toyota Company taking much care about their product in the sense of health and safety this question is also about this topic itself. Out of 8 respondents 5 persons that is 62. 5% persons said that they are fully satisfied with the policies of the Toyota company. 37. 5% of the respondents said that they have some complaints about the Toyota products in the sense of health and safety. Question 7: Is recession effecting on the sales of the company products? Yes or No. Recession is effecting in every field since last 2 years in that manufacturing industry is also one of them.By passing the questionnaire to 8 people in that half of them said that Toyota company suffering from recession. Question 8:What are the customer service responses when giving complaints about the products? e) Excellent f) Good g) Satisfactory h) Po or For any company success customer care plays a major role here author tried to investigate the responces given by the participants towards the customer service in Toyota company. In that 62. 5 % said that customer service centre is working excellent and 37. 5% of the respondents feel good, satisfactory and poor as equally. Question 9: Service provided by the local Toyota store is good. Yes or NoLocal store service plays a crucial role in the product marketing and they are the key role in the company bricks. Here author tried to know the local store service and their working ability with customers and vehicles. Out of the 8 members 62. 5% people feel that local store service is good and 37. 5% said no. Question No 10: sum Toyoto company products are reliable and trusted? Yes OR NO. Toyota is the most trusted company all over the world on the other hand minute problems with the products in the company are negative factors for the management. Here75% the people responded towards the Toyota they feel good. 6. 0 Conclusions: To conclude that Toyota organization is not developed in a day or a year.Years of smart and hard work of the many people in the organization with the variety of strategies they are now on the heights. Through this work I have learned the organizations building structure, problems faced by the organization, and importance of the quality in an organization. The organizational strategies importance and the problem solving through the techniques and strategies like JIT( Just In Time) Lean production, the importance of the ISO certification in a organizations in the quality concern. To improve the product quality, efficiency and high content of the product with less time and low cost to get these things with JIT process.By preparing the questionnaire I have learned more things like how the problems occurred in the organizations, the identification of the problems, the problems varieties like quantitative and qualitative and problem solving. The ma in thing I have learned from this work the problems solving in an organization with the strategies. Recommendations: As an organization Toyota thinking one step ahead than the other companies on the other hand the defects and some draw backs in the engines as well as designing to be improved. The crucial part of the organization is the customer satisfaction. The minute complaints should be considered and taking care of that particular problem. References: ) Schniederjans,. John R. Olson(1999) Advanced topics in Just in time. 2) Robert C (2005) Improving health care using Toyota lean production method. 3) Jane Marcean (1992) Reworking the world: oganisations, technologies and cultures in competitive perspectives. 4) Harold Kerzer (2006) Project management: A system to planning, scheduling and controlling 5) Available at http://www. toyotauk. com/main/download/pdf/Our%20approach%20to%20quality. pdf accessed on 09-01-10 6) Available at http://www. entropy-international. com/about/custo mers/by-corporate/documents/Toyota-Case-Study. pdf accessed on 07-01-10 7) Available at http://www2. toyota. co. p/en/history/ accessed on 06-01-10 8) Available at http://www. iso. org/iso/iso_catalogue/management_standards/iso_9000_iso_14000. htm 9) Available at http://www. toyoland. com/history. html accessed on 07-01-10 10) Available at http://www. breakeryard. com/cars/history/TOYOTA. aspx accessed on 10-01-10 11) Available at http://www. toyotageorgetown. com/qualdex. asp accessed on 10-01-10 12) Available at http://www. toyotaegypt. com. eg/quality/index. asp accessed on 07-01-10 13) Available at http://www. strategosinc. com/just_in_time. htm accessed on 08-01-10 14) Available at http://www. toyoland. com/toyota/production-system. html accessed